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}} |other_name = |settlement_type = Prefecture-level city |motto = |image_skyline = Ürümqi montage.png |imagesize = |image_caption = From top: A panoramic view of Ürümqi's CBD, Red Mountain (Hong Shan), Ürümqi Night Market, and a view of Tian Shan from Ürümqi |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = China Xinjiang Ürümqi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Ürümqi (red) in Xinjiang (orange) |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |pushpin_map = China Xinjiang |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Xinjiang |pushpin_mapsize = |coordinates_region = CN-65 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Xinjiang |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = County-level divisions |subdivision_name3 = 8 |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = CPC Committee Secretary |leader_name = Zhu Hailun |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Ilham Sabir |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 14577 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 =9575.7 |area_metro_km2 =4816.6 |population_as_of = 2010 census |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 3112559 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 2988715 |population_density_metro_km2 = auto |population_urban = 3029372 |population_density_urban_km2 = auto |timezone = ''De jure:'' China Standard (UTC+8) ''De facto:'' Ürümqi Time (UTC+6) |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=43 |latm=49 |lats=30 |latNS=N |longd=87 |longm=36 |longs=00 |longEW=E |coordinates_display = inline,title |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 830000 |area_code = 991 |blank_name = License plate prefixes |blank_info = A |blank1_name = GDP (2013) |blank1_info = CNY 240 billion US $38.63 billion |blank2_name = GDP per capita |blank2_info = CNY 68,691 US $11,057 |blank3_name = ISO 3166-2 |blank3_info = CN-65-01 |website = (www.urumqi.gov.cn ) |footnotes = }} Ürümqi (literally "beautiful pasture", from the Dzungar Oirat language) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43608.htm )〕 in Northwest China. Ürümqi was a major hub on the Silk Road during China's Tang dynasty, and developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty. With a built-up (''or metro'') population of 2,988,715 as of 2010 census (6 urban and suburban districts but Dabancheng not yet urbanized) and 3.03 million in 7 urban and suburban districts,〔http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-65.aspx〕 Ürümqi is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and serves as a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre. == History == Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, it is a relatively young city. It was not called Urumqi until the time of the Dzungar Khanate. According to Chinese scholars, during the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign in the Tang dynasty, AD 648, the Tang government set up the town of Luntai in the ancient town seat of Urabo, from the southern suburb of present-day Ürümqi in the Tang dynasty's Protectorate General to Pacify the West which controlled Xinjiang. Ancient Luntai Town was a seat of local government, and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road. Steppe peoples had used the location, the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west, connecting the Dzungar Basin to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south. The Oirats Dzungar tribes to form the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Ürümqi before China, and their language gave Ürümqi its modern-day name. Ürümqi remained a small town, and less important than the oasis and Silk Road trade center Turpan to the southeast. Thus, little is heard of the region following the Tang dynasty in the Chinese texts until China's Qing dynasty vanquished the Dzungar Khanate to the west in the Dzungar genocide. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for a thousand ''li'', with no trace of man". After 1759 state farms were established, "especially in the vicinity of Urumchi, where there was fertile, well-watered land and few people."〔Millward (2007), pp. 95, 104〕 By 1762, more than 500 shops were opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi. In 1763, the Qianlong Emperor named the expanded town of Luntai "Dihua" (; Manchu: ''Wen de dahabure fu''), meaning "to enlighten". Dihua quickly became Xinjiang's commercial and financial center, boasting many statues also to Guandi, or the Chinese god of war. Demographically, Dihua was populated with Chinese Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi, Han Chinese from all over China, and ethnically diverse Bannermen, which included Manchus. Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Urumqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture, however, Urumqi was founded as a Chinese city by Han and Hui (Tungans), and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city. Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China. The writer Ji Xiaolan compared Dihua to Beijing, in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance. The origin of Hui in Urumqi is often indicated by the names of their Mosques. The Battle of Ürümqi took place in 1870 between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming (Daud Khalifa). With the help of Xu Xuegong's Han Chinese militia, Yaqub Beg's forces defeated the Dungans. In 1884, the Guangxu Emperor established Xinjiang as a Province, with Dihua as its capital. During the Kumul Rebellion the Battle of Ürümqi (1933) and the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying's 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai's provincial forces. At the second battle Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan. The adventurer Ahmad Kamal recalled during the Kumul rebellion that Turki women and women in general did not wear veils when they went about the bazar of Urumchi, unlike southern Xinjiang's bazars. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China, on 1 February 1954, the city's name was officially changed back to its Dzungar Oirat name Ürümqi, meaning "beautiful pasture" in the Oirat language of the Dzungar people.〔"The Historical and Geographical Role of Urumchi, Capital of Chinese Central Asia." Herold J. Wiens. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Vol. 53, No. 4 (Dec., 1963), p. 447.〕 New, big mosques have been financially assisted in being built by the Chinese government in Urumqi. While in southern Xinjiang China implements strong rules regarding religion, in Urumqi, China treats the Uyghurs and religion lax and permissively. The city suffered unrest in May 1989 with 150 injuries, and was the site of major rioting in July 2009 triggered by violence in Southern China between ethnic Han Chinese and Southern Xinjiang Uyghurs. Official reports of the 2009 riots say that nearly 200 people were left dead, but the actual toll is unknown and disputed. Reports of extensive retaliation against the Uyghur minority have circulated ever since, despite the Chinese government having shut down access to emails and overseas phone calls for over ten months. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ürümqi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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