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Vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) is a form of takeoff and landing for rockets. Multiple VTVL craft have flown. , at least six VTVL rocket vehicles are currently under development at four different aerospace companies. VTVL is often proposed as a viable technology for reusable rockets. VTVL rockets are not to be confused with aircraft, where that class of aircraft which takeoff and land vertically (helicopters, etc.) are known as VTOL aircraft. ==History== * The 1945-era German Bachem Ba 349 ''Natter'' was the first manned rocket aircraft of any type to fly, that was designed to launch vertically, and descend by parachute * around 1960 Bell Rocket Belt, personal VTVL rocket belt * VTVL rocket concepts were studied by Philip Bono of Douglas Aircraft Co. in the 1960s.〔 〕 * Apollo Lunar Module was a 1960s two-stage VTVL vehicle for landing and taking off from the moon. * The Soviet Union did some development work on, but never flew, a vertically-landing manned capsule called Zarya in the late 1980s.〔 〕 * The McDonnell Douglas DC-X was an unmanned prototype VTVL launch vehicle that flew several test flights in the 1990s.〔Klerkx, Greg: ''Lost in Space: The Fall of NASA and the Dream of a New Space Age'', page 104. Secker & Warburg, 2004〕 * Between 1998 and 2003 the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) developed and flew a number of VTVL rocket vehicles in the Reusable Vehicle Testing program * Rotary Rocket successfully tested a vertical landing system for their Roton design, based around a rocket tipped helicopter system in 1999, but were unable to raise funds to build a full vehicle. * During 2006-2009, Armadillo Aerospace's Scorpius / Super Mod, Masten Space Systems' Xombie and Unreasonable Rocket's Blue Ball flying VTVL rockets competed in the Northrop Grumman / NASA Lunar Lander Challenge. Follow-on VTVL designs including Masten's Xaero and Armadillo's Stig were aimed at higher-speed flight to higher suborbital altitudes. * SpaceX announced plans in 2010 to eventually install deployable landing gear on the Dragon spacecraft and use the vehicle's thrusters to perform a land-based landing.〔 〕 * In 2010, three VTVL craft were proffered to NASA in response to NASA's suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) solicitation under NASA's Flight Operations Program: the Blue Origin New Shepard, the Masten Xaero, and the Armadillo Super Mod.〔 〕 * Morpheus is a 2010s NASA project developing a vertical test bed that demonstrates new green propellant propulsion systems and autonomous landing and hazard detection technology. * Mighty Eagle is a 2010s Robotic Prototype Lander being developed by NASA〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/robotic/12-085.html )〕 * SpaceX announced in September 2011 that they would attempt to develop powered descent and recovery of both Falcon 9 stages, with a VTVL Dragon capsule as well.〔 〕〔 〕 * * Grasshopper was a VTVL first-stage booster test vehicle SpaceX developed to validate various low-altitude, low-velocity engineering aspects of its large-vehicle reusable rocket technology.〔 〕 The test vehicle made eight successful test flights in 2012–2013. Grasshopper v1.0 made its eighth, and final, test flight on October 7, 2013, flying to an altitude of (0.46 miles) before making its eighth successful VTVL landing.〔 The Grasshopper prototype test vehicle has been retired. 〕 * * The SpaceX Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicle, of which two test vehicles will be built (F9R Dev1 and F9R Dev2), is approximately 50 feet longer than Grasshopper, and is built on a full-size Falcon 9 v1.1 booster tank, with flight-design landing legs and gaseous Nitrogen thrusters to control the booster attitude. F9R Dev1 made its first test flight in April 2014, to an altitude of before making a nominal vertical landing.〔 〕 *2013: DragonFly is a prototype low-altitude rocket-powered test article for a propulsively-landed version of the SpaceX Dragon space capsule. DragonFly is a suborbital reusable launch vehicle (RLV), intended for low-altitude flight testing expected to start in 2014 and run through at least 2015. *On November 23, 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard booster rocket made the first successful vertical landing following an unmanned suborbital test flight that reached space.〔("Blue Origin make historic rocket landing." ) ''Blue Origin'', November 24, 2015. Retrieved: November 24, 2015.〕 This potentially opens the way for substantial reductions in space flight costs.〔("Reusable rockets cheaper." ) ''ZME Science'', August 20, 2015. Retrieved: November 24, 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「VTVL」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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