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The Water-Water Energetic Reactor (VVER), or WWER (from (ロシア語:Водо-водяной энергетический реактор); transliterates as ''Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor''; ''Water-Water Power Reactor'') is a series of pressurised water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical notes )〕 Power output ranges from 300 MWe to 1700 MWe〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WWER-type reactor plants )〕 with the latest Russian development of the design. VVER power stations are or will be used by Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Jordan, Hungary, India, Iran, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia and Vietnam. ==History== The earliest VVERs were built before 1970. The VVER-440 Model V230 was the most common design, delivering 440 MW of electrical power. The V230 employs six primary coolant loops each with a horizontal steam generator. A modified version of VVER-440, Model V213, was a product of the first nuclear safety standards adopted by Soviet designers. This model includes added emergency core cooling and auxiliary feedwater systems as well as upgraded accident localization systems. The larger VVER-1000 was developed after 1975 and is a four-loop system housed in a containment-type structure with a spray steam suppression system. VVER reactor designs have been elaborated to incorporate automatic control, passive safety and containment systems associated with Western third generation nuclear reactors. The VVER-1200 is the version currently offered for construction, being an evolution of the VVER-1000 with increased power output to about 1200 MWe (gross) and providing additional passive safety features.〔 In 2012, Rosatom stated that in the future it intended to certify the VVER with the British and U.S. regulatory authorities, though was unlikely to apply for a British license before 2015. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「VVER」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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