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Value-form
The value-form or form of value ((ドイツ語:Wertform)) is a concept in Marxist theory.〔Costas Lapavitsas, ''Social foundations of money, markets and credit''. London: Routledge, 2003;
Simon Mohun, "Value, Value Form and Money", in Simon Mohun (ed.), ''Debates in Value Theory''. Macmillan: London, 1994; Alfredo Saad-Filho, ''The value of Marx''. London: Routledge, 2002, section 2.2.〕 It refers to the social form (a socially attributed status) of a commodity (any product traded in markets), which contrasts with the tangible use-value or utility (its "useful form" or "natural form") which it has, as a product which satisfies some human need. Marx seeks to provide a brief morphology of the category of economic value as such, with regard to its substance, the forms which this substance takes, and how its magnitude is determined or expressed.
==Sources==
Marx borrowed, criticized and developed the idea of the form of value from the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who pondered the nature of exchange value in chapter 5 of Book 5 in his ''Nicomachean Ethics''.〔See further Scott Meikle, ''Aristotle's economic thought''. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995; Mark Blaug (ed.), ''Aristotle (384–322 BC)''. Aldershot: Elgar, 1991; Cosimo Perrotta, "Economic Value and Moral Value in Aristotle", in: Tony Aspromourgos and John Lodewijks (eds.), ''History and Political Economy. Essays in Honour of P.D. Groenewegen''. London: Routledge, 2004; Spencer J. Pack, ''Aristotle, Adam Smith and Karl Marx. On Some Fundamental Issues in 21st Century Political Economy''. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010, Part 1.〕 In so doing, Marx was also influenced by, and responding to, the classical political economy discourse about the economic laws governing commodity values and money,〔Karl Marx, ''Capital, Volume I'', Penguin ed. 1976, pp. 174–175.〕 beginning with William Petty's ''Quantulumcunque Concerning Money'' (1682)〔A. Anikin, ''A science in its youth: pre-Marxian political economy''. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975, p. 80.〕 and culminating with David Ricardo's ''Principles of Political Economy and Taxation'' (1817).
Marx's concept is introduced in the first chapter of ''Das Kapital''〔Karl Marx, ''Capital, Volume I'', chapter 1, section 3.〕 where Marx argues economic value becomes manifest in an objectified way only through the ''form'' of value established by the exchange of products. People know very well that any product represents a value, i.e. there is an economic cost of supply for the product. But how much value? What something is economically "worth" can be expressed only relatively, by relating, weighing, comparing and equating it to amounts of other tradeable objects (or to the labour effort or sum of money those objects represent).〔Karl Marx, ''Capital, Volume I'', Pelican edition, pp. 141–142.〕 The value of products is expressed by their exchange-value, by what they can trade for. Since exchange-value is most often expressed by a money-price, it seems that "value", "price" and "money" are really the same thing. But Marx argues they are not the same things.
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