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Varpas
''Varpas'' (literally: ''The Bell'') was a monthly Lithuanian-language newspaper published during the Lithuanian press ban from January 1889 to December 1905. Because its publication was illegal in Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, it was printed in Tilsit (current Sovetsk) and Ragnit (current Neman) in German East Prussia and smuggled into Lithuania by the knygnešiai (book smugglers). ''Varpas'', with circulation of about 500〔Kulakauskas〕–1,000,〔Urbonas, p. 60〕 played a pivotal role in the Lithuanian National Revival. ''Tautiška giesmė'', one of poems by founder and editor Vincas Kudirka written to commemorate the 10th anniversary of ''Varpas'', became the Lithuanian national anthem.〔Classic Lithuanian Literature Anthology〕 Editorial staff of ''Varpas'' later started two more specialized publications: more practical ''Ūkininkas'' (''The Farmer'', 1890–1905) for less educated peasants and apolitical ''Naujienos'' (''News'', 1901–1903) for general public.〔Krapauskas, p. 168〕
==History==
After the first national Lithuanian newspaper ''Aušra'' ceased publication in 1886 due to financial difficulties, activists sought to either revive or replace ''Aušra''. A group of Lithuanian students in Moscow organized publication of short-lived ''Šviesa'', a monthly pro-Catholic newspaper that failed to satisfy liberal activists.〔 Lithuanian students in Warsaw, led by Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Gaidamavičius, and Juozas Adomaitis-Šernas, organized society ''Lietuva'' (''Lithuania''). The society first thought of reviving secular ''Aušra'', but decided against it as it could have resurrected disputes with the clergy.〔Krapauskas, p. 169〕 Thus in January 1889 appeared a brand new newspaper ''Varpas''. It attempted to unite liberal, socialist, and Catholic fractions of the Lithuanian National Revival. Despite various difficulties (financial strains, delivery through underground knygnešiai network) it lasted longer than any other Lithuanian periodical of the period.〔 ''Varpas'' played an important role forming ideas of Lithuanian nation and standardizing Lithuanian language. For example, in 1890 Kudirka published recommendations regarding Lithuanian orthography: he suggested to replace common "sz" and "cz" borrowed from Polish with new "š" and "č" borrowed from Czech.〔Subačius, p. 190〕 Both new letters are now integral part of standard Lithuanian.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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