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Ventriculitis
Ventriculitis is the inflammation of the ventricles in the brain. The ventricles are responsible for containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain. Ventriculitits is caused by infection of the ventricles, leading to swelling and inflammation. This is especially prevalent in patients with external ventricular drains and intraventricular stents.〔Hoefnagel, D., Dammers, R., Ter Laak-Poort, M., Avezaat, J. Risk Factors For Infections Related to External Ventricular Drainage. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2008; 150: 209-215.〕 Ventriculitis can cause a wide variety of short-term symptoms and long-term side effects ranging from headaches and dizziness to unconsciousness and death if not treated early. It is treated with some appropriate combination of antibiotics in order to rid the patient of the underlying infection. Much of the current research involving ventriculitis focuses specifically around defining the disease and what causes it. This will allow for much more advancement in the subject.〔Agrawal, A., Cincu, R., Timothy, J. Current Concepts and Approach to Ventriculitis. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 2008; 16(2): 100-104.〕 There is also a lot of attention being paid to possible treatments and prevention methods to help make this disease even less prevalent and dangerous.
==Cause and Biological Basis==
Ventriculitis is caused by an infection of the ventricles, causing an immune response in the lining, which in turn, leads to inflammation. The ventriculitis, is in truth, a complication of the initial infection or abnormality. The underlying infection can come in the form of a number of different bacteria or viruses. The data seems to point to Staphylococci as the leading bacterial cause of infection leading to ventriculitis being present in about 90% of cases,〔Wildemann, B., Oschmann, P., Reiber, H. Laboratory Diagnosis in Neurology. Thieme Medical Publishing Co. 2010.〕 but generally, what is of more concern is the way the infection entered the ventricles. The brain in its natural state is very protected from infection. The blood–brain barrier serves to keep pathogens from entering the sensitive areas of the brain. However, when those natural defenses are by-passed in the hospital setting, the brain is suddenly exposed to a host of potentially harmful bacteria and viruses.
Patients that have had invasive brain surgery or procedures are considered to be the most at risk for experiencing ventriculitis. Two procedures, in particular have been studied extensively due to their high rate of ventriculitis contractions post operation. The first group consists of patients that have had an external ventricular drain implanted to allow physicians to reduce the intracranial pressure they experience. The duration that the drain is implanted varies by necessity, however, the longer the drain is in, the more likely an infection will occur.〔Moon, H. et al. Clinical Analysis of External Ventricular Drainage Related Ventriculitis. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2007; 41: 236-240.〕 The second group consists of patients that have an implanted intracranial stent. Both groups of patients have a much higher rate of ventriculitis than the general populace, though there is very little supporting evidence due to the lack of definition of ventriculitis as frequent misdiagnosis. Nearly 25% of patients with an external ventricular drain experience infection-based meningitis or ventriculitis.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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