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|native_name = |image_flag = Flag of Venezuela.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg |common_name = Venezuela |image_map = Venezuela Orthographic Map.svg |image_map2 = Venezuela UNOCHA.png|250px |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''Gloria al Bravo Pueblo'' |languages_type = Official language |languages = Spanish |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = 2011 |demonym = Venezuelan |capital = Caracas |latd=10 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=66 |longm=58 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |government_type = Federal presidential constitutional republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Nicolás Maduro (PSUV) |leader_title2 = Vice President |leader_name2 = Jorge Arreaza (PSUV) |leader_title3 = President of the National Assembly |leader_name3 = Diosdado Cabello (PSUV) |ruling_party = |legislature = National Assembly |area_rank = 33rd |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 916,445 |area_sq_mi = 353,841 |percent_water = 0.32 |population_census = 33,221,865〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Población de Venezuela en 2015 )〕 |population_census_rank = 44th |population_census_year = 2014 estimate |population_density_km2 = 30.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 77 |population_density_rank = 181st |GDP_PPP = $538.922 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Venezuela )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,694〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $205.787 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,756〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from Spain |established_date1 = 5 July 1811 |established_event2 = |established_date2 = 13 January 1830 |established_event3 = Recognized |established_date3 = 30 March 1845 |Gini_year = 2006 |Gini_change = |Gini = 46.9 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = decrease |HDI = 0.764 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 67th |currency = Bolívar fuerte |currency_code = VEF |country_code = |time_zone = VET |utc_offset = –4½ |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |date_formats = dd/mm/yyyy (CE) |drives_on = right |calling_code = +58 |cctld = .ve |footnote_a = The "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the adoption of the new Constitution of 1999, when the state was renamed in honor of Simón Bolívar. |footnote_b = The Constitution also recognizes all indigenous languages spoken in the country. |footnote_c = Some important subgroups include those of Spanish, Italian, Amerindian, African, Portuguese, Arab and German descent. |footnote_d = Area totals include only Venezuelan-administered territory. |footnote_e = On 1 January 2008, a new bolivar was introduced, the ''bolívar fuerte'' (ISO 4217 code VEF) worth 1,000 VEB. }} Venezuela ( ; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ((スペイン語:República Bolivariana de Venezuela)), is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north-west. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population around 33,221,865. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain-forest in the south, via extensive ''llanos'' plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. The country faces severe social and economic problems, such as high inflation (the highest in the world), shortage of basic goods in the markets, high criminality and media censorship. The territory currently known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American colonies to declare independence, which was not securely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional ''caudillos'' (military strongmen) until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup-involved career officer Hugo Chávez and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution, which is a type of socialist revolution, beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to ''República Bolivariana de Venezuela'' (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District (covering Caracas), and federal dependencies (covering Venezuela's offshore islands). Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, a tract dubbed ''Guayana Esequiba'' or the ''Zona en Reclamación'' (the "zone being reclaimed"). Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital, Caracas, which is also the largest city in Venezuela. Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, in which inflation peaked at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rose to 66% in 1995 as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s. The Venezuelan government then initiated populist/revisionist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty.〔Kevin Voigt (6 March 2013). (Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable ). ''CNN.'' Retrieved 5 April 2014.〕〔Dan Beeton and Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). (Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says ). ''Center for Economic and Policy Research''. Retrieved 5 April 2014.〕〔(Venezuela Overview ). The World Bank. Last updated Nov. 17, 2014: *"Economic growth and the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to approximately 30% in 2012. Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region."〕 Such populist policies were questioned since their initiation and the over dependence on oil funds led to overspending on social programs while strict government polices, which were initially supposed to prevent capital flight, created difficulties for Venezuela's import-reliant businesses. Venezuela under Hugo Chávez suffered "one of the worst cases of Dutch Disease in the world" due to the Bolivarian government's large dependence on oil sales. Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s.〔Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. March 7, 2013. 〕 Nicolás Maduro was elected in 2013 after the death of Chavez. Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to the rising shortages in the country with shortages in Venezuela including milk, flour, and other necessities and malnutrition then increasing, especially among children. In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession. In 2015, Venezuela had the world's highest inflation rate with the rate surpassing 100%, becoming the highest in the country's history. Economic problems, as well as crime and corruption, were some of the main causes of the 2014–15 Venezuelan protests, which left more than 40 protesters killed. ==Etymology== In 1499, an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the Venezuelan coast. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region ''Veneziola''. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix ''-uela'' is used as a diminutive term (e.g., ''plaza / plazuela'', ''cazo / cazuela''); thus, the term's original sense would have been that of a "little Venice". The German term for the area, ''Klein-Venedig'', also means little Venice (literally "small Venice"). Although the Vespucci story remains the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work ''Summa de geografía'', he states that they found indigenous people who called themselves the ''Veneciuela.'' Thus, the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word. ==History== (詳細はleaf-shaped tools from this period, together with chopping and planoconvex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela. Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as ''El Jobo";'' according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC. It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina (Caribs), Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, and Timoto-cuicas. After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious diseases from Europe. Two main north-south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who cultivated maize in the west and manioc in the east. Large parts of the ''llanos'' were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Venezuela」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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