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Vergonha
''La vergonha'' ((:berˈɣuɲɔ, veʀˈɡuɲɔ), meaning "shame") is what Occitans call the effects of various policies of the government of France on its citizens whose mother tongue was a so-called ''patois'', a language spoken in France other than French, such as Occitan or one of the dialects of the ''langue d'oïl''. ''Vergonha'' is being made to reject and feel ashamed of one's (or one's parents') non-French language through official exclusion, humiliation at school and rejection from the media as organized and sanctioned by French political leaders, from Henri Grégoire onward. ''Vergonha'', which is still a taboo topic in France where some still refuse to admit such discrimination ever existed, can be seen as the result of an attempted linguicide.〔(Llengua Nacional, Catalan linguistic review ), spring of 2002. Text available at http://fpl.forumactif.com/Forum-Occitan-f11/Le-patois-des-vieux-el-patues-dels-vells-p11914.htm〕 In 1860, before schooling was made compulsory, native Occitan speakers represented more than 39%〔Louis de Baecker, ''Grammaire comparée des langues de la France'', 1860, p. 52: ''parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants'' ("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). () + ()〕 of the whole French population, as opposed to 52% of francophones proper; their share of the population declined to 26–36% in the 1920s,〔Yann Gaussen, ''Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral'', 1927, p. 4: ''() défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus ()'' ("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals"). ()〕 and then dropped to less than 7% by 1993.〔Stephen Barbour & Cathie Carmichael, ''Language and nationalism in Europe'', 2000, p. 62: Occitan is spoken in 31 ''départements'', but even the EBLUL (1993: 15-16) is wary of statistics: 'There are no official data on the number of speakers. Of some 12 to 13 million inhabitants in the area, it is estimated that 48 per cent understand Occitan, 28 per cent can speak it, about 9 per cent of the population use it on a daily basis, 13 per cent can read and 6 per cent can write the language.'〕
==16th to 18th century==
Beginning in 1539 with Art. 111 of the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts,〔(Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt )〕 non-French languages in France were reduced in stature when it became compulsory "to deliver and execute all () acts in the French language" (''de prononcer et expedier tous actes en langaige françoys''). Originally meant as a way to eliminate Latin in official documents — few 16th-century French subjects were educated and familiar with Latin — it also stated that French and only French was legal in the kingdom (''en langage maternel françoys et non aultrement'').
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