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The Kingdom of Tānūr ((マラヤーラム語:വെട്ടത്തുനാട്), Veṭṭattunāt - literally "kingdom of light") was a coastal city-state in south-western India that prevailed during the period of Portuguese domination of the Indian Ocean. One of the numerous similar Hindu principalities along the Malabar Coast at the time, Tanur was ruled by a line of Nair rulers claiming Kshatriya status in the Hindu varna order. 〔 Menon, A Sreedhara. ''A Survey of Kerala History.'' Kottayam: DC Books, 2007. Print〕 Tanur comprised parts of the present day Tirur and Ponani ''talukas'' in the state of Kerala . The Tanur rulers owed their allegiance to the kings of Calicut, a regional power on the Malabar coast. With the arrival of the Portuguese, Tanur ruler Dom João (Christian name, real name unknown) sided with them against his overlord at Calicut. Believing the offers put forward by the Portuguese missionaries, João converted to Christianitythough only for a few monthsin 1548. He later assisted the Portuguese in the construction of a fort at Chalium, a river island just south of Calicut. The Tanur ruling line became extinct on the death of their last raja on 24May 1793. Subsequently, the estate was handed over to the English East India Company and the Hindu temple of the ruling family was transferred to the zamorin of Calicut in 1842. 〔 William, Logan. ''Malabar Manual (Volume I).'' Madras: Asian Educational Services, 1887. Print. 〕〔 Madras Legislative Assembly Debates. Official Report by Madras (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly, p. 373 〕 The Tanur rulers were noted patrons of arts and learning. One raja (r. 1630-1640) is said to have introduced innovations in the native art form Kathakali, which has come to be known as the "Bettut tradition". 〔 Menon, A Sreedhara. ''A Survey of Kerala History.'' Kottayam: DC Books, 2007. Print〕 ==Early history== Before the arrival of the Portuguese Armadas, the political history of Tanur is largely obscure, although the origin of the ruling clan is often dated back to Chera times (c. 9th12th century AD). It is generally assumed that the Tanur chief was one of the hereditary provincial governors under the Chera Perumals.〔 Iyer, KV Krishna. ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. '' Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. Print. 〕 The ruler of Tanur was one of the earliest rajas on the Malabar Coast to acknowledge the suzerainty of the zamorin of Calicut. Thereafter, the chief paid a tribute and succession fee to the Calicut ruler and brought his ''nair'' warriors to battles, whenever commanded by the king of Calicut. The Tanur raja was expected to field 4,000 ''nair'' warriors ready for battle when so required. At his accession, the Tanur raja paid the zamorin a succession fee of 100 bags of rice, 3,000 coconuts and 1,000 fanams (local currency issued from Calicut). All vassal chiefs had to obtain the consent of the king of Calicut for their coronations, though this requirement was very often obviated by the king of Calicut himself being present at their installation. As a result of their ancient relations to the Chera Perumals, the kings of Calicut rarely interfered with the internal administration of Tanur "while the kings of Calicut kept an ever vigilant eye on the regions ruled by hereditary governors appointed from Calicut".〔 Iyer, KV Krishna. ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. '' Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. 〕 The Tanur raja is also known to have assisted the Zamorin of Calicut in some of his military campaigns, such as that against the eastern state of Valluvanad at Thirunavaya. All those who had taken part in the zamorin's campaign in Thirunavaya received liberal rewards. The Tanur raja obtained the honor of the standing in state (the Mamankam fairs ) under the Kuriyal, midway between the temple of Thirunavaya and Vakayur on the day of Puyam, while facing the king of Calicut on the Vakayur platform.〔 Iyer, KV Krishna. ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. '' Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. Print. 〕 Princes from the Tanur royal family, along with princes and other "Kshatriya" royal families such as Beypore (Parappanad), Kurumburanad and Cranganore, were eligible to marry princesses from the Calicut royal family. They were generally chosen by the ruling Calicut king personally, for political and strategic reasons. The raja of Tanur also took part in the coronation ceremonies of a new zamorin at Calicut. The ''ariyittuvazhcha'' ceremony of a new Calicut king (pouring of rice on the head) was done by Kothachirakkal Aadhyan and the Tanur raja, one representing the Brahmins of the Panniyurkur, and the other representing the "Kshatriyas" of Malabar. The new king entered the sacred water tank (pula-kuli) hand in hand with the raja of Tanur and the raja of Punnathur.〔 Iyer, KV Krishna. ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. '' Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. Print. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Tanur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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