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''Vikramōrvaśīyam'' ((サンスクリット:विक्रमोर्वशीयम्), meaning ''Urvashi Won by Valour''〔Basham, A.L. (1981). ''The Wonder that was India'', Calcutta:Rupa, p.437〕) is a Sanskrit play by ancient Indian poet Kalidasa who flourished in the 4th Century CE, on the Vedic love story of king Pururavas and an Apsara, a celestial nymph named Urvashi. The "Vikram" of the title is Chandragupta II who adopted the title "Vikramaditya", meaning "valiant as the Sun" – the name is chosen here to allude to how Pururavas reflects the qualities of Chandragupta. As per the tradition, while the basic plot has taken elements from the sources such as the Samvada Sukta〔(Text of Samvada Sukta (संवाद सूक्त) )〕 of the Rigveda (ऋग्वेद), Mahabharata and others, Kalidasa has made significant adaptations to make the presentation more appealing while establishing his prowess as a playwright (नाटककार). ''Vikramorvashiyam'' is the second of the three plays written by Kalidasa, the first being ''Mālavikāgnimitram'' (मालविकाग्निमित्रम्) and the third being the celebrated ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'' (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्). Vikramorvashiyam has five acts. ==Origin of the plot〔Patel, G. (2014). (Gujarati ) Vikramorvashiyamnu Mool ane Kavini Maulikata. Chapter-25, Part-2: Vikramorvashiyam in 'Mahakavi Kalidasvirachitam Malavikagnimitram, Vikramorvashiyam', Vol. 3 of Mahakavi Kalidasa-Samagra Granthavali, p. 238-240.〕〔Pandya, S. M. & Shah, U. (1993). The Sources of the Play and the Changes Brought about by Kalidasa. (Ed.s) Chapter-3, Mahakakavikalidasavirachitam Vikramorvashiyam, Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad. p. 25-29.〕== The classical theory of Sanskrit drama, known as Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र) makes it a rule that the plot of a Sanskrit drama 'must be famous' (नाटका: ख्यातवृत्ता: स्यात्). Accordingly, authors of Sanskrit plays use the stories from Puranas, Vedic texts and classic epics, namely Mahabharata and Ramayana for developing plays. However, the core objective of a drama is entertainment (मनोरंजन). Since everyone is familiar with the basic plot, if the presentation of the play is not interesting or enchanting in some way, people would be bored. Hence there is emphasis on originality (मौलिकता) of the playwright. In the case of Vikramorvashiyam, here is how Kalidasa has adapted the original subject: Rigveda (ऋग्वेद): In the 95th section, called Sukta (सूक्त) of the tenth cluster (called Mandala/मण्डळ), there is a dialogue between Pururava and Urvashi. Situation suggests that she has left the king after living for four years with him. The king beseeches her to return, but she refuses (saying, "न वै स्त्रैणानि सन्ति शालावृकानां हृदयान्येता:" - meaning, the hearts of women are not like those of jackals). The story ends at that. Shatapatha Brahmana (शतपथ ब्राह्मण): Apparently aimed at emphasizing importance of a Yagya, Pururava was attracted to Urvashi when she came to his city. She agreed with a condition, but when the king could not honor it because of manipulation by Gandharva people, she left him. Later, moved by the king's plight without her, she agreed to return once every year to him. The king still missed her a lot, so now convinced of his love, the Gandharvas asked him to perform a Yagya, due to which Pururava attained Gandharva-hood and could reunite with Urvashi (P. 1.2). Purana: In all, Vishnu Purana (विष्णु पुराण) (4.6, 34-39), Padma Purana (पद्म पुराण) (Srishti Khanda/सृष्टिखण्ड 12, 62-68), Matsya Purana (मत्स्य पुराण) (24, 10-32), Mahabharata, Bhagavat Purana (भागवत पुराण) (9, 14) and the story of Gunadhya in Brihatkatha are the sources of the story of Pururava and Urvashi. There are multiple versions of these stories in different sources, but one can see the following elements in this pool: (a) That Urvashi descended from heaven for some reason and met Pururava (b) The two lived together under some condition(s) for some time (c) At least on one occasion Urvashi had to part from the king under some sort of breech, for which she changed form (d) Urvashi returned to her form and got reunited with the king, but there came a time when she had to return to the heaven to serve Indra (e) The two had a son together, named Ayush (आयुष) Whether they lived together happily ever after is questionable, because there is one more story in Mahabharata in which Arjuna (a descendant of Pururava) goes to heaven and meets Urvashi there. Hence, by inference she and Pururava lived together during his lifetime, as he was a mortal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vikramōrvaśīyam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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