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Vinland or Vineland〔Laurence Marcellus Larson in ''Canute the Great: 995 (circ.)-1035 and the Rise of Danish Imperialism During the Viking Age'', New York: Putnam, 1912 p. 17〕〔Elizabeth Janeway in ''The Vikings'', New York, Random House, 1951 throughout〕 (Old Norse ''Vínland'') is the area of coastal North America and Newfoundland explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in ca. 1000, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus. In 1960, archaeological evidence of the only known Norse settlement〔Ingstad, Helge; Ingstad, Anne Stine (2001). ''The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland''. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-4716-2.〕 in North America (outside Greenland) was found at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland. Before the discovery of archaeological evidence, Vinland was known only from Old Norse sagas and medieval historiography. The 1960 discovery conclusively proved the pre-Columbian Norse colonization of the Americas. ''Vinland'' was the name given to Newfoundland coastal North America as far as it was explored by the Vikings, presumably including both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick (where the eponymous grapevines are found). L'Anse aux Meadow itself likely corresponds to the camp ''Straumfjörð'' mentioned in the ''Saga of Eric the Red''.〔Significance of the discovery of butternut shells at L'Anse aux Meadows: Birgitta Wallace, "The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland", The New Early Modern Newfoundland: Part 2 (2003), Vol. 19, No. 1. "Many scholars have dismissed L’Anse aux Meadows as peripheral in the Vinland story (Kristjánsson 2005:39). I myself held that view for a long time. I am now contending that L’Anse aux Meadows is in fact the key to unlocking the Vinland sagas. Two factors crystallized this idea in my mind. One was my subsequent research into early French exploitation outposts in Acadia (Wallace 1999) and the nature of migration (Anthony 1990) () The second signal was the identification of butternut remains in the Norse stratum at L’Anse aux Meadows. Here was the smoking gun that linked the limited environment of northern Newfoundland with a lush environment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where wild grapes did indeed exist. The mythical Vinland had a basis in archaeological fact." Birgitta Wallace, "L’Anse aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in Vinland", ''Norse Greenland: Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008 Journal of the North Atlantic, 2009, 114-125. 〕 ==Name== The earliest record of the name ''Winland'' is found in Adam of Bremen's ''Descriptio insularum Aquilonis'' ("Description of the Northern Islands", ch. 39) written c. 1075. Adam implies that the name contains Old Norse ''vín'' (Latin ''vinum'') "wine" (rendered as Old High German ''win''): : "Moreover, he has also reported one island discovered by many in that ocean, which is called ''Winland'', for the reason that grapevines grow there by themselves, producing the best wine." (''Praeterea unam adhuc insulam recitavit a multis in eo repertam occeano, quae dicitur Winland, eo quod ibi vites sponte nascantur, vinum optimum ferentes'').〔 some manuscripts have the gloss ''id est terra vini''. M. Adam Bremensis Lib. IV, Cap. XXXVIIII, ed. B. Schmeidler 1917, (p. 275 ).〕 This etymology is retained in the 13th-century ''Grœnlendinga saga'', which provides a circumstantial account of the discovery of Vinland and its being named from the ''vínber'', i.e. "wineberry", a term for grapes or currants (black or red), found there.〔c.f. the alternative English name for blueberry is ''whinberry'' or ''winberry''. Henley, Jon. (Bilberries: the true taste of northern England ) ''The Guardian'', 9 June 2008.〕 There is a long-standing Scandinavian tradition of fermenting berries into wine. The question whether the name refers to actual grapevines (as implied by Adam of Bremen) or just to berries was addressed in a 2010 excavation report on L’Anse aux Meadows. The discovery of butternuts at the site implies that the Norse explored ''Vinland'' further to the south, at least as far as St. Lawrence River and parts of New Brunswick, the northern limit for both butternut and wild grapes (''Vitis riparia'').〔〔 There is an alternative suggestion for the name's etymology, brought up by Sven Söderberg in 1898 (first published in 1910).〔"Professor Sven Söderberg om Vinland", ''Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten'', Nr. 295, 30 October 1910. "On a philological basis it can hardly be determined whether the first member is to be interpreted as 'vine', as most have done, or as 'pasture, meadow'." Sverre Marstrander, "''Arkeologiske funn bekrefter sagaens Vinlandsberetninger''", ''Forskningsnytt'', XIX:3 (1974), 2-11.〕 This suggestion involves interpreting the Old Norse name not as ''vín-land'' but as ''vin-land'', with a short vowel. Old Norse ''vin'' (from Proto-Norse ''winju'') has a meaning of "meadow, pasture".〔It remains a common place-name element in Scandinavia, e.g. in Bjørgvin and Granvin, also "possibly in a kenning for Sjaelland, ''viney'', where we have no means of knowing exactly what it implies" (Haugen 1977). A cognate name also existed in Old English (Anglo-Saxon), in the name of the village Woolland in Dorset, England: this was written "Winlande" in the 1086 Domesday Book, and it is interpreted as "meadow land" or "pasture land".〕 This interpretation of ''Vinland'' as "pasture-land" rather than "vine-land" was accepted by Valter Jansson in his classic 1951 dissertation on the ''vin''-names of Scandinavia, by way of which it entered popular knowledge in the later 20th century. But it was rejected by Einar Haugen (1977), who argued that the ''vin'' element had changed its meaning from "pasture" to "farm" long before the Old Norse period. Names in ''vin'' were given in the Proto Norse period, and they are absent from places colonized in the Viking Age.〔"Was Vinland in Newfoundland", ''Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress'', Arhus. 24–31 August 1977, ed. Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, Olaf Olsen. Odense University Press. 1981.(). See also Kirsten A. Seaver, ''Maps, Myths and Men. The story of the Vinland Map'', Stanford University Press, p. 41.〕 There is a runestone which may have contained a record of the Old Norse name slightly predating Adam of Bremen's ''Winland''. The ''Hønen Runestone'' was discovered in Norderhov, Norway shortly before 1817, but it was subsequently lost. Its assessment depends on a sketch made by antiquarian L. D. Klüwer (1823), now also lost but in turn copied by Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie (1838). The Younger Futhark inscription was dated to c. 1010–1050. The stone had been erected in memory of a Norwegian, possibly a descendant of Sigurd Syr. Sophus Bugge (1902) read part of the inscription as ᚢᛁᚿ᛫(ᛚ)ᛆ(ᛐ)ᛁᚭ᛫ᛁᛌᛆ ''uin (l)a(t)ią isa'' ''Vínlandi á ísa'' "from Vinland over ice". This is highly uncertain; the same sequence is read by Magnus Olsen (1951) as ᚢᛁᚿ᛫ᚴᛆ(ᛚᛐ)ᚭ᛫ᛁᛌᛆ ''uin ka(lt)ą isa'' ''vindkalda á ísa'' "over the wind-cold ice".〔P. B. Taylor, ("The Hønen runes: A survey" ), ''Neophilologus'' Volume 60, Issue 1 (January 1976), pp 1-7. See also: (Text and translation of the copy ) ''Geirodden.com''; C. Cavaleri (2008), ("The Vínland Sagas as Propaganda for the Christian Church: Freydís and Gudríd as Paradigms for Eve and the Virgin Mary" ) Master's thesis, University of Oslo.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vinland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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