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Vishvaksena
Vishvaksena or Vishwaksena, also known as Sena Mudaliar and Senadhipathi (all literally "army-chief"〔Nayar p. 103〕), is the commander-in-chief of the army of the Hindu god Vishnu and the gate-keeper and "chamberlain" of Vishnu's abode Vaikuntha.〔〔 Nayar p. 96〕 Vishvaksena is worshipped before any ritual or function in some Vaishnava sects. He occupies an important place in Vaikhanasa and Sri Vaishnava temple traditions, where often temple festivals begin with his worship and procession.
==Iconography and associations==
The ''Kurma Purana'' describes Vishvaksena as born out of a portion of Vishnu, carrying a conch (shankha), Sudarshana chakra (discus) and gada (mace) and wearing yellow clothes like his master.〔 The ''Kalika Purana'' describes him as an attendant of Vishnu, who has four arms, and is red and brown in complexion. He seats on a white lotus, has long beard and wears matted hair. He carries a lotus, gada, Shanka and chakra in his hands.〔Dalal p. 462〕 The Pancharatra text ''Lakshmi Tantra'' mentions Vishvaksena as four-armed and holding a shankha and a lotus.〔Gupta p. 246〕 In another instance, he is said to carry a sword and a club, wear yellow clothes and have tawny eyes, beard and eyebrows and four teeth.〔Gupta pp. 263〕 In a hymn, the remark is that Vishvaksena carries all attributes of Vishnu, including the srivatsa mark and his weapons.〔Gupta p. 90〕 The Vishvaksena icon of the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple has four hands and carries a conch (shankha) Sudarshana chakra (discus) in his upper hands and his lower hands are on thigh (''Gada hasta'') and in ''Avgana hasta''.〔
Vishvaksena does not appear in Vedas or the Dharma Shastra texts, but his worship is mentioned in Pancharatra and other Agama texts.〔Nayar p. 103〕 Vishvaksena is believed to symbolize the sacred Agama scriptures.〔Dalal p. 462〕
The twelve Alvar saints of Sri Vaishnavism sect are considered as manifestations of Vishnu in some form, and the Alvar saint Nammalvar is considered as an avatar of Vishvaksena.〔 Dalal p. 20, 270〕 The poet Bhattar in his ''Srirangaraja Stava'' has ''taniyans'' or verses praising various acharyas (teachers). Vishvaksena also has a ''taniyan'' dedicated to him in the later part of the work, incorporating him in the list of the traditional Sri Vaishnava guru parampara (succession of teachers and disciples) starting from Vishnu's consort Lakshmi (Sri) to Nammalvar. This indicates the influence of Pancharatra texts on Sri Vaishnavism.〔Nayar pp. 95–96〕
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