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Vitulatio
The ''Vitulatio'' was an annual thanksgiving celebrated in ancient Rome on July 8, the day after the ''Nonae Caprotinae'' and following the Poplifugia on July 5. The Poplifugia is a lesser-known festival that was of obscure origin even for the Romans themselves; Macrobius says that it marked a Roman retreat from the Etruscans at Fidenae during the Gallic invasion, and that the Vitulatio commemorated their comeback victory. It was a ''dies religiosus,'' a day of religious prohibition when people were to refrain from undertaking any activity other than attending to basic necessities.〔H.H. Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 163, 45–46.〕
The verb ''vitulari'' meant to chant or recite a formula with a joyful intonation and rhythm.〔Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' (III 2,12. )〕 Macrobius says ''vitulari'' is the equivalent of Greek ''paianizein'' (παιανίζειν), "to sing a paean," a song expressing triumph or thanksgiving.〔William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (London, 1908), p. 179'; Robert Turcan, ''The Gods of Ancient Rome'' (Routledge, 2001), p. 75.〕 He offers, however, an antiquarian range of etymologies, including one from ''victoria,'' "victory." A goddess Vitula, possibly an invention to explain the name, embodied joy, or perhaps life ''(vita)''. According to Vergil,〔Vergil, ''Georgics'' 3.77.〕 she received first fruits offerings. One modern explanation relates the word ''Vitulatio'' to ''vitulus,'' "heifer," the animal that served as a ritual scapegoat at Iguvium, as described by the Iguvine Tablets.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' p. 163.〕
By the late Republic, the Vitulatio, like the other festivals held July 5–8, seems to have been eclipsed by the popularity of the Ludi Apollinares, games ''(ludi)'' held in honor of Apollo July 6–13.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' p. 163.〕
==References==
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