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Vivisection () is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative〔https://books.google.com/books?id=PXV2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188&lpg=PT188&dq=vivisection+pejorative&source=bl&ots=nQu2Wv9XF5&sig=dU6Wvf4wZo5lsc3NxeOaLjM5na8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwB2oVChMIn_Hhz4LhxgIVFE-OCh1fIAyS#v=onepage&q=vivisection%20pejorative&f=false〕 catch-all term for experimentation on live animals〔("Vivisection" ), ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 2009: "Vivisection: operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals."〕〔Tansey, E.M. (Review of ''Vivisection in Historical Perspective by Nicholaas A. Rupke ), book reviews, National Center for Biotechnology Information, p. 226.〕〔Croce, Pietro. ''Vivisection or Science? An Investigation into Testing Drugs and Safeguarding Health''. Zed Books, 1999, and ("About Us" ), British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.〕 by organizations opposed to animal experimentation〔Yarri, Donna. (''The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal ), Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 163.〕 but rarely used by practicing scientists.〔〔Paixao, RL; Schramm, FR. Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? ''Cad. Saúde Pública'', Rio de Janeiro, 2007〕 Human vivisection has been perpetrated as a form of torture.〔 ==Animal vivisection== Research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means is often subject to an external ethics review in conception and implementation, and in many jurisdictions use of anesthesia is legally mandated for any surgery likely to cause pain to any vertebrate.〔(National Academy of Sciences Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals )〕 In the U.S., the Animal Welfare Act explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain use "tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics", with exceptions when "scientifically necessary". The act does not define "scientific necessity" or regulate specific scientific procedures,〔http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/awa/awa.pdf〕 but approval or rejection of individual techniques in each federally funded lab is determined on a case-by-case basis by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, which contains at least one veterinarian, one scientist, one non-scientist, and one other individual from outside the university.〔(The Official IACUC Page )〕 In the U.K., any experiment involving vivisection must be licensed by the Home Secretary. The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 "expressly directs that, in determining whether to grant a licence for an experimental project, 'the Secretary of State shall weigh the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue. In Australia, the Code of Practice "requires that all experiments must be approved by an Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee" that includes a "person with an interest in animal welfare who is not employed by the institution conducting the experiment, and an additional independent person not involved in animal experimentation."〔Singer, Peter. ''Animal Liberation.'' Avon: New York, 1990, p. 77〕 Anti-vivisectionists have played roles in the emergence of the animal welfare and animal rights movements. Among their arguments are that animals and humans have the same natural rights as living creatures, and that it is inherently immoral to inflict pain or injury on another living creature, regardless of the purpose or potential benefit to mankind.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vivisection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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