|
''Vogelfrei'' in German usage denotes the status of a person on whom a legal penalty of outlawry has been imposed. However, the original meaning of the term referred to independence, being "free as a bird"; the current negative meaning developed only in the 16th century. It then came to predominate through the influence of Baroque poetry and of Jacob Grimm's ''Deutsche Grammatik'' (German Grammar; 1819). ==History and etymology== Originally, the word ''vogelfrei'' merely meant "as free as a bird, not bound." That is the usage in older sources.〔According to a 1455 document, clerics of Buchenau monastery were "vogelfrei" (i.e. liberal, generous) if they donated one penny a year. Schmidt-Wiegand, p. 931, including further examples.〕 Even Luther and Zwingli used the word still in its original meaning. Much later the term was linked to a person being banned. This resulted from the formulas: "As you have been lawfully judged and banished for murder, so I remove your body and good from the state of peace and and rule them strifed and proclaim you free of any redemption and rights ''and I proclaim you as free as the birds in the air'' and the beasts in the forest and the fish in the water, and you shall not have peace nor company on any road or by any ruling of the emperor or king.; ... "〔Article 241 of the ''Bamberger Halsgerichtsordnung'' (Penal Code ), quoted by Jacob Grimm, volume I, p. 58: ("als du mit urteil u. recht zu der mordacht erteilt worden bist, also nim ich dein leib u. gut aus dem fride und thu sie in den unfrid und künde dich erlös u. rechtlos und künde dich den vögeln frei in den lüften und den tieren in dem wald und den vischen in dem waßer und solt auf keiner straßen noch in keiner mundtat, die keiser oder künig gefreiet haben, nindert fride noch geleit haben; …")〕 and "his body should be free and accessible to all people and beasts, to the birds in the air〔Grimm noted here in a footnote: hence outlawed, ''permissus avibus''; the older language also had another meaning: free as a bird. Konrad von Würzburg: ''Trojanischer Krieg'' (War ). Verse 14,516, 'I'm free as the bird on a twig' (vogelfrei, permissus avibus; die ältere sprache sagte auch in anderm sinn: vrî als ein vogel ) Konrad von Würzburg: . Vers 14516; ich bin frî als der vogel ûf dem zwî]. Laßberg (ed.) ''Liedersaal'' (of Songs ). (1820 to 1825). Volume 3, p. 637"〕 and the fish in water so that none can be made liable for any crimes committed against him"〔"sein leib soll frei und erlaubt sein allen leuten und thieren, den vögeln in den lüften, den vischen im waßer, so daß niemand gegen ihn einen frevel begehen kann, dessen er büßen dürfe". Wigand, Das Femgericht Westphalens. Hamm 1825, p. 436; cited by Grimm, p. 59〕 This ban also implied that persons sentenced thus were not to be granted any dwelling.〔"Aqua et ignis interdictus" ((ラテン語:Deprived of water and hearth fire))〕 In the case of death one's body was not buried, but left for the birds to feed on.〔"permissus avibus" (Latin: free for the birds)〕 According to modern research the cause for the spreading of the pejorative meaning is not to be sought there but rather in the language of the mercenaries and soldiers of that time. This theory is supported by the loan word "Preis" () in German ((イタリア語:presa), (フランス語:prize)), which in this context is synonymous with the word "booty". Malicious people would be "''preis gegeben und vogelfrey" (given away and free as the birds ).〔Still noted thus as a pair of terms in ''Constitutio criminalis Theresiana'' In his magnum opus, ''Das Kapital'' Volume I, Marx uses the term ''vogelfrei'' to refer to the emergence of the proletariat during the decay of feudalism: “The proletariat created by the breaking-up of the bands of feudal retainers and by the forcible expropriation of the people from the soil, this free and rightless Marx calls this second group free or “bird-free” (''vogelfrei''), meaning at one and the same time that while the proletariat are not property (as slaves), they are themselves without property and cast out of the community of property owners.〔Jason Read, ''Primitive Accumulation: The Aleatory Foundation of Capitalism'', ''Rethinking Marxism'' 14(2), p. 28.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vogelfrei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|