|
Voivode〔Also spelled "voievod", "woiwode", "voivod", "voyvode", "vaivode", "vojvoda", or "woiwod"〕 (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "war-lord") is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. It derives from the word ''vojevoda'', which in early Slavic meant the ''bellidux'', i.e. the military commander of an area, but it usually had a greater meaning. In Byzantine times it was used to refer to mainly military commanders of Slavic populations, especially in the Balkans. In medieval Serbia it meant a high-ranking official and before the Ottoman occupation the commander of a military area. During Ottoman times, Voivode was the title borne by the ruler of a province, whose powers included the administration, security and tax collection under a special regime. According to the chronicle of the Voutsas monastery, the Slavic title of “voivode”, which prevailed in certain areas of Epirus and Thessaly before the Ottoman occupation, used to denote the leader of a Vlach community or family. The same title was borne by the Ottoman official who oversaw the “Chora Metzovo” each time. The word gradually came to denote the governor of a province. The territory ruled or administered by a voivode is known as a voivodeship. In the English language, the title is often translated as "prince" or "duke". In Slavic terminology, the rank of a voivode is considered equal of that of a German ''Herzog''. A Voivode was often considered to be an assistant of the Knyaz. During military actions the voivode was in charge of a conscripted army that consisted of the local population, the voj (voi); while the knyaz had its own regular military formation, the druzhina. Today in Poland the term ''wojewoda'' means the centrally appointed governor of a Polish province or voivodeship ((ポーランド語:województwo)). The Polish title is sometimes rendered in English as "palatine" or "prince palatine", in charge of a palatinate. Other similar titles could be considered Margrave (Frontier-Governor), Governor-General, and others. With the expansion of the Russian Empire the title of voivode was superseded by namestnik (compared to viceroy). The title was used in medieval Bulgaria, Bohemia, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Rügen,〔(Die Sprache der slawischen Bewohner des Ostseeraums )〕 Lusatia, Poland, Muscovy (later Tsardom of Russia), Halych, Volhynia, Novgorod Republic, Chernigov, and Kiev. Later, voivode was the highest military rank in the principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In the Romanian medieval principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, voievode became part of the official titulature of the sovereign prince, showing his right to lead the entire army. Voivode or ''vajda'' (Baida) was also the title of the Hungarian governors of Transylvania in the Middle Ages. Baida was a title of a Ruthenian nobleman Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, a Cossack leader. Similarly, the leaders of Bulgaria's Haiduti (Хайдути) rebels were called "''voevodes''" (Bulgarian, singular: войвода, ''voyvoda''). ==Etymology== The term derives from Slavic ''voi'' or ''vojsko'' (militia) + ''vodi'' (to lead), and thus originally meant ''warlord'' (see Voyi). The word has developed to take various forms in the modern Slavic languages, such as "vojvoda" (Slovak, Slovene and Croatian), 'wojewoda'' (Polish), воевода (''voyevoda'', Russian), войвода or воевода (''voyvoda'', ''voevoda'', Bulgarian), воєвода (''voyevoda'', Ukrainian), ''vévoda'' (Czech) and војвода (''vojvoda'', Serbian and Macedonian). It has also been borrowed into some non-Slavic languages, taking such forms as ''voievod'' (Romanian), ''vajda'' (Hungarian) and ''vaivads'' (Latvian). Voivode is also related to state formations such as Vojvodina, Polish provinces ''voivodeship'', and medieval provinces of Balkans. This etymology is perfectly parallel, though unrelated, to that of equivalent Germanic titles and terms like the Old English ''heretoga'' and the German ''Herzog'', which in feudal times was equated with the Latin ''dux'' (originally a term for either a barbaric war leader or a Roman commanding officer or military governor, which later evolved into such feudal and modern titles of peerage rank as duke). For this reason, the Slavic terms are sometimes translated as ''duke''. However, although in some countries and periods the rank of voivode was equivalent to a Western duke, it was not universally so. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voivode」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|