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Volksgemeinschaft
''Volksgemeinschaft'' is a German-language expression meaning "people's community".〔Peter Fritzsche. ''Life and Death in the Third Reich''. President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2008. p. 38.〕 This expression originally became popular during World War I as Germans rallied in support of the war, and it appealed to the idea of breaking down elitism and uniting people across class divides to achieve a national purpose.〔Fritzsche, p. 39.〕
==Development==
The concept is believed to have originated in Ferdinand Tönnies' theory in his work ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'' ("Community and Society") of 1887.〔Francis Ludwig Carsten, Hermann Graml. ''The German resistance to Hitler''. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press. p. 93〕 Decades later, in 1932, Tönnies joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany to oppose the rise of Nazism and protest against their use of his concept. He had his honorary professorship removed when Adolf Hitler came to power.〔Ferdinand Tönnies, José Harris. ''Community and civil society''. Cambridge University Press, 2001 (first edition in 1887 as ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft''). Pp. xxxii-xxxiii.〕
In the aftermath of World War I, the idea of ''Volksgemeinschaft'' was used to interpret economic catastrophes and hardship facing Germans during the Weimar Republic era as a common experience of the German nation and to argue for German unity to bring about renewal to end the crisis.〔 It was adopted by the Nazi Party to justify actions against Jews, profiteers, Marxists, and the Allies of World War I, whom the Nazis accused of obstructing German national regeneration, causing national disintegration in 1918 and Germany's defeat in World War I.〔
There is an ongoing debate among historians as to whether a ''Volksgemeinschaft'' was or was not successfully established between 1933 and 1945. This is a notably controversial topic of debate for ethical and political reasons, and is made difficult by the ambiguous language employed by Hitler and the Nazis when talking about the ''Volksgemeinschaft''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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