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Voseo ((:boˈse.o)) is the use of ''vos'' as a second person singular pronoun, including its conjugational verb forms in many dialects of Spanish. In dialects that have it, it is used either instead of ''tú'', or alongside it. Use of "tú" is known as "tuteo". ''Vos'' is used extensively as the primary form of the second person singular in River Plate Spanish (Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia), and Paraguayan Spanish. The Central American Spanish (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, southern parts of Chiapas in Mexico) also exhibits an extensive use of ''vos'', though in Northern Central America the media use ''tú'' more frequently. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, ''tú'' is used less frequently. ''Vos'' had not been traditionally used in formal writing except in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. This gradually changed in Central America, where even the most prestigious media networks and press began to use the pronoun ''vos'', reflecting the informal address in Spanish as opposed to the formal address of ''usted''. Nowadays it is very common to see billboards and other advertising media using ''voseo''. In the dialect of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (known as Rioplatense Spanish), ''vos'' is also the standard form for use in television media. ''Vos'' is present in other countries as a regionalism, for instance in the Maracucho Spanish of Zulia State, Venezuela (see Venezuelan Spanish), in the Azuero peninsula of Panama, in various departments in Colombia,〔Ana María Díaz Collazos, Desarrollo sociolingüístico del voseo en Colombia. http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/448526〕 and in parts of Ecuador (Sierra down to Esmeraldas). In Peru, ''voseo'' is present in some Andean regions and Cajamarca, but the younger generations have ceased to use it. It is also present in Ladino (spoken by Sephardic Jews throughout Israel, Turkey, the Balkans, Morocco, Latin America and the United States), where it replaces ''usted''. In the United States, Salvadoran Americans are by far the largest Voseo speakers followed by other Central Americans, Hondurans, Nicaraguans, and Costa Ricans. Voseo can also be found in the context of using verb conjugation for ''vos'' with ''tú'' as the subject pronoun (verbal voseo), as in the case of Chilean Spanish, where this form coexists with the ordinary form of voseo. ==History== Originally a second-person plural, ''Vos'' came to be used as a more polite second-person singular pronoun to be used among one's familiar friends. The following extract from a late 18th-century textbook is illustrative of usage at the time: The standard formal way to address a person one was not on familiar terms with was to address such a person as ''vuestra merced'' ("your grace" originally abbreviated as v.m.) in the singular and ''vuestras mercedes'' in the plural. Because of the literal meaning of these forms, they were accompanied by the corresponding third-person verb forms. Other formal forms of address included ''vuestra excelencia'' ("your excellence" abbreviated as ussencia) and ''vuestra señoria'' ("your lordship/ladyship" abbreviated as ussia). Today, both ''vos'' and ''tú'' are considered to be informal pronouns, with ''vos'' being somewhat synonymous with ''tú'' in regions where both are used. This was the situation when Castilian was brought to the Río de la Plata area (around Buenos Aires and Montevideo) and to Chile. In time, ''vos'' lost currency in Spain but survived in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia (east), Uruguay, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and many other countries and regions in Latin America, while ''Vuestra merced'' evolved into ''usted'' (vuestra merced > usarced > usted; in fact, "usted" is still abbreviated as either Vd or Ud). Note that the term ''vosotros'' is a combined form of ''vos otros'' (meaning literally "ye/you others"), while the term ''nosotros'' comes from ''nos otros'' ("we/us others"); ''otros'' was added to avoid confusion. In the first half of the 19th century the use of ''vos'' was as prevalent in Chile as it was in Argentina.〔Luizete Guimarães Barros. 1990. (Lengua y nación en la Gramática de Bello ). ''Anuario brasileño de estudios hispánicos''.〕 The current limitation of the use of ''vos'' in Chile is attributed to a campaign to eradicate it by the Chilean education system.〔 The campaign was initiated by Andrés Bello who considered the use of ''vos'' a manifestation of lack of education.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voseo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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