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Vulpicida
''Vulpicida'' is a genus of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae family. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in ''Cetraria'', the genus is widespread in Arctic to northern temperate regions, and contains six species.〔 The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, compounds that when combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.
==Taxonomy==
The genus was circumscribed by Jan-Eric Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in a 1993 ''Mycotaxon'' publication, to contain yellow species containing vulpinic and pinastric acids and a broadly club-shaped ascus.〔 Mattson published a monograph of the genus later that year.〔 The group of species assigned to the genus were previously recognized as a distinct grouping by Finnish lichenologist Veli Räsänen in 1952, who classified them in the genus ''Cetraria'', subgenus ''Platysma'', section ''Flavidae'', and subsection ''Cucullatae''.〔 The type species is ''Vulpicida juniperinus'',〔 originally ''Lichen juniperinus'' as described by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his 1753 ''Species Plantarum''.〔
The generic name ''Vulpicida'' is derived from the Latin words ''vulpes'' ("fox") and -''cida'' ("who kills"); according to Swedish peasant folklore, the lichen, when consumed, kills foxes but not dogs or wolves.〔
According to a 2009 molecular analysis using internal transcribed spacer data from five of the six known species, ''Vulpicida'' is supported as monophyletic (descended from a common evolutionary ancestor) when using Bayesian analysis. Using a different method for phylogenetic inference, PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony), the genus is paraphyletic, as ''Allocetraria'' nests within the same clade.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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