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The ''völkisch'' movement (original name: ''ドイツ語:völkische Bewegung'') is the German interpretation of the populist movement, with a romantic focus on folklore and the "organic", i.e.: a "naturally grown community in unity" (as opposed to a refined and sophisticated society characterised by diverging interests), characterised by the one-body-metaphor (''Volkskörper'') for the entire population. The term ''völkisch'' () derives from the German word ''Volk'' (cognate with the English "folk"), corresponding to "people", with connotations in German of "people-powered", "folksy" and "folkloric". According to the historian James Webb, the word also has "overtones of 'nation', 'race' and 'tribe'…" 〔James Webb. 1976. ''The Occult Establishment''. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. ISBN 0-87548-434-4. pp. 276–277〕 The term ''völkisch'' has no direct English equivalent, but it could be rendered as "ethnonationalistic", "racial-nationalistic" or "ethno-racialist". The defining idea that the ''völkisch'' movement revolved around was that of a ''Volkstum'' (literally "folkdom", with a meaning similar to a combination of the terms "folklore" and "ethnicity"), not to be confused with the ''Volkssturm''. "Populist", or "popular", in this context would be ''volkstümlich''. The ''völkisch'' "movement" was not a unified movement but "a cauldron of beliefs, fears and hopes that found expression in various movements and were often articulated in an emotional tone," Petteri Pietikäinen observed in tracing ''völkisch'' influences on Carl Gustav Jung.〔Petteri Pietikäinen, "The Volk and Its Unconscious: Jung, Hauer and the 'German Revolution'" ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 35.4 (October 2000: 523–539) p. 524〕 The ''völkisch'' movement was "arguably the largest group" in the Conservative Revolutionary movement in Germany.〔Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971) ''Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940'' (Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag), p. 19.〕 However, like "conservative-revolutionary" or "fascist", ''völkisch'' is a complex term (''"schillernder Begriff"'').〔 In a narrow definition it can be used to designate only groups that consider human beings essentially preformed by blood,〔 i.e. by inherited characteristics. == Origins in the 19th century== The ''völkisch'' movement had its origins in Romantic nationalism, as it was expressed by early Romantics such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte in his ''Addresses to the German Nation'' published during the Napoleonic Wars, from 1808 onwards, especially the eighth address, “What is a ''Volk,'' in the higher sense of the term, and what is love of the fatherland?," where he answered his question of what could warrant the noble individual's striving "and his belief in the eternity and the immortality of his work," by replying that it could only be that "particular spiritual nature of the human environment out of which he himself, with all of his thought and action... has arisen, namely the people from which he is descended and among which he has been formed and grown into that which he is".〔(''Transatlantic Intelligencer: "The Ummah and das Volk: On the Islamist and "Völkisch" Ideologies " ): accessed 7 September 2010〕 The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in German folklore, local history and a "back-to-the-land" anti-urban populism with many parallels in the writings of William Morris. "In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity," A. J. Nicholls remarked.〔Nicholls, reviewing George L. Mosse, ''The Crisis in German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich'' in ''The English Historical Review'' 82 No. 325 (October 1967), p 860. Mosse was characterised as "the foremost historian of ''völkisch'' ideology" by Petteri Pietikäinen 2000:524 note 6.〕 The dream was for a self-sufficient life lived with a mystical relation to the land; it was a reaction to the cultural alienation of the Industrial revolution and the "progressive" liberalism of the later 19th century and its urbane materialist banality. Similar feelings were expressed in the US during the 1930s by the populist writers grouped as the Southern Agrarians. In addition the ''völkisch'' movement, as it evolved, sometimes combined the arcane and esoteric aspects of folkloric occultism alongside "racial adoration" and, in some circles, a type of anti-Semitism linked to exclusionary ethnic nationalism. The ideas of ''völkisch'' movements also included anti-communist, anti-immigration, anti-capitalist and anti-Parliamentarian principles. The ''völkisch'' ideas of "national community" (''Volksgemeinschaft'') came more and more to exclude Jews. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Völkisch movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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