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WaterGAP
The global freshwater model WaterGAP calculates flows and storages of water on all continents of the globe (except Antarctica), taking into account the human influence on the natural freshwater system by water abstractions and dams. It supports understanding the freshwater situation across the world’s river basins during the 20th and the 21st century, and is applied to assess water scarcity, droughts and floods and to quantify the impact of human actions on freshwater. Modelling results of WaterGAP have contributed to international assessment of the global environmental situation including the UN World Water Development Reports, the (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ), the UN Global Environmental Outlooks as well as to reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They were included in the 2012 Environmental Performance Index which ranks countries according to their environmental performance (index for impact of human water use on ecosystems).〔Emerson, J.W., A. Hsu, M.A. Levy, A. de Sherbinin, V. Mara, D.C. Esty, and M. Jaiteh. 2012: (2012 Environmental Performance Index and Pilot Trend Environmental Performance Index. ) New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy.〕
WaterGAP (Water Global Assessment and Prognosis)〔Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, T., Siebert, S. (2003): Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 317-338.〕 has been developed at the University of Kassel (Germany) since 1996, and since 2003 also at the University of Frankfurt (Germany). It consists of both the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM)〔Döll, P., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B. (2003): A global hydrological model for deriving water availability indicators: model tuning and validation. Journal of Hydrology, 270 (1-2), 105-134.〕〔Hunger, M., Döll, P. (2008): (Value of river discharge data for global-scale hydrological modeling. ) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 841-861.〕〔Döll, P., Fiedler, K. (2008): (Global-scale modeling of groundwater recharge. ) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 863-885.〕 and five water use models for the sectors irrigation,〔Döll, P., Siebert, S. (2002): Global modeling of irrigation water requirements. Water Resources Research, 38(4), 8.1-8.10, DOI 10.1029/2001WR000355.〕 livestock, households,〔Voß, F., Flörke, M. Alcamo, J. (2009): (Preliminary Spatially Explicit Estimates of Past and Present Domestic Water Use. ) WATCH Technical Report 17, Kassel, 16 pp.〕 manufacturing and cooling of thermal power plants.〔Voß, F., Flörke, M. (2010): (Spatially Explicit Estimates of Past and Present Manu-facturing and Energy Water Use. ) WATCH Technical Report 23, Kassel, 17 pp.〕〔Vassolo, S., Döll, P. (2005): Global-scale gridded estimates of thermoelectric power and manufacturing water use. Water Resources Research, 41(4) W04010, doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003360.〕 An additional model component computes the fractions of total water use that are abstracted from either groundwater or surface waters (rivers, lakes and reservoirs).〔Döll, P., Hoffmann-Dobrev, H., Portmann, F.T., Siebert, S., Eicker, A., Rodell, M., Strassberg, G., Scanlon, B. (2012): Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations. J. Geodyn. 59-60, 143-156, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2011.05.001.〕 All computations are done with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 0.5° geographical latitude × 0.5° geographical longitude, which is equivalent to 55 km × 55 km at the equator. Model input includes time series of climate data (e.g. precipitation, temperature and solar radiation) and physiogeographic information like characteristics of surface water bodies (lakes, reservoirs and wetlands), land cover, soil type, topography and irrigated area.
== WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model WGHM ==
WGHM computes time-series of fast-surface and subsurface runoff, groundwater recharge and river discharge as well as storage variations of water in canopy, snow, soil, groundwater, lakes, wetlands and rivers. Thus it quantifies the total renewable water resources as well as the renewable groundwater resources of a grid cell, river basin, or country. Precipitation on each grid cells is modelled as being transported through the different storage compartments and partly evapotranspirating. Location and size of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands are defined by the global lakes and wetland database (GLWD),〔Lehner, B., Döll, P. (2004): Development and validation of a database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology, 296 (1-4), 1-22.〕 with a recent addition of more than 6000 man-made reservoirs.〔Döll, P., Fiedler, K., Zhang, J. (2009): Global-scale analysis of river flow alterations due to water withdrawals and reservoirs. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2413-2432.〕〔Lehner, B., Reidy Liermann, C., Revenga, C., Vörösmary, C., Fekete, B., Crouzet, P., Döll, P., Endejan, M., Frenken, K., Magome, J., Nilsson, C., Robertson, J.C., Rödel, R., Sindorf, N., Wisser, D. (2011): (High resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river flow management. ) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(9), 494-502.〕 Groundwater storage is affected by diffuse groundwater recharge, which is modeled as a function of total runoff, relief, soil texture, hydrogeology and the existence of permafrost or glaciers.〔 To allow a plausible representation of the actual freshwater situation, version 2.2 of WGHM is tuned against measured long-term average annual river discharge at 1323 gauging stations. The performance of WGHM has been compared to that of other global hydrological models for both Europe〔Gudmundsson, L., T. Wagener, L. M. Tallaksen, and K. Engeland (2012), Evaluation of nine large-scale hydrological models with respect to the seasonal runoff climatology in Europe, Water Resour. Res., 48, W11504, doi:10.1029/2011WR010911.〕〔Gudmundsson, L., et al. (2012), Comparing large-scale hydrological model simulations to observed runoff percentiles in Europe, J. Hydrometeorol., 13(2), 604–620, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-083.1.〕 and the globe.〔Haddeland, I., et al. (2011), Multimodel estimate of the global terrestrial water balance: Setup and first results, J. Hydrometeorol., 12(5), 869– 884, doi:10.1175/2011JHM1324.1.〕
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