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We'wha
We'wha (1849–1896, various spellings) was a Zuni Native American from New Mexico. They were the most famous lhamana, a traditional Zuni gender role, now described as mixed-gender or Two-Spirit. Lhamana were men who lived in part as women, wearing a mixture of women's and men's clothing and doing a great deal of women's work as well as serving as mediators.
We'wha is the subject of the book ''The Zuni Man-Woman'' by Will Roscoe. The anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson also wrote a great deal about We'wha, and even hosted them on their visit to Washington D.C. in 1886. During that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland and was generally mistaken for a cisgender woman. One of the anthropologists close to them described We'wha as "the strongest character and the most intelligent of the Zuni tribe" (Roscoe, 1991, p. 29). She is historically known mainly for the fact that she was man but chose to live out her life as a woman. In the nineteenth century this status was called ''berdache'', being anatomically one sex but performing tasks that were equated with the other (Roscoe, 1991, pg.29). In We'wha's case she was a man but performed tasks of a Zuni woman. During her lifetime she came in contact with many white settlers, teachers, soldiers, missionaries, and anthropologists. One anthropologist she met was Matilda Coxe Stevenson, who would later become a prominent figure in We'wha's life. Stevenson wrote down her observations of We'wha, going on to state, "She performs masculine religious and judicial functions at the same time that she performs feminine duties, tending to laundry and the garden" (Suzanne Bost, 2003, pg.139).
==Early life==
We'wha was born in 1849 in New Mexico as a member of the Zuni tribe. The Zuni tribe was free to practice their religious customs and ceremonies. They were enemies of the Navajos and Apaches, and often carried out wars against them (Roscoe, 1991, pg.29). The year of We'wha's birth was the first year the Zuni had interactions with the Americans and agreed to help the new colonists fight wars against the Navajo and Apaches for land. The Americans brought smallpox to the village and in 1853 both of We'wha's parents died from the illness (Roscoe, 1991,pg.30) She and her brother were then adopted by their aunt on their father's side. We'wha got to remain a member of her mother's tribal clan known as the ''donashi:kwe'' also called the Badger People. She also retained ceremonial ties to his father's clan, ''bichi:kwe'', or The Dogwood People. Hwe new adoptive arrangement also added two foster sisters and a brother (Roscoe, 1991, pg.31).
Zuni men and women could be recognized as berdache, from as early as three or four. In We'wha's case she was seen playing with other girls more often than other boys. Girls would call their other brothers and sisters ''hanni'' and the boys would use the word ''suwe''. We Wha may have used the word ''hanni'' which was a word reserved for young girls (Roscoe, 1991, pg.33). We'wha may have also dressed differently than the other boys, not wearing trousers, instead wearing a long shirt that hung down like a dress. This was the typical outfit reserved for young Zuni girls. We'wha however was first indoctrinated into religious ceremonies for Zuni boys at twelve. A few years later the tribe recognized We'wha's berdache traits and her religious training was then handed over to female relatives. She then learned the skills of the Zuni woman, grinding and making corn meal, making ceremonial pottery, cooking, and various domestic tasks (Roscoe, 1991, pg.38). In 1864 the Zunis and the American troops won a victory over the Navajo, and the Navajo were then sent out to a reservation in New Mexico for four years. Some members of We'wha's tribe then moved into the abandoned Zuni lands of Nutria and Pescado, and became farmers including We'wha and her adopted family (Roscoe, 1991, pg.40). There We'wha held the occupation of farmer, meaning that she was doing a male occupation while her family lived in this area.
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