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Westrobothnian
Westrobothnian (''måLe'' or ''bondska''〔https://web.archive.org/web/20070205173618/http://www.sofi.se/1625 (archived link, 5 February 2007)〕) is a number of closely related non-standardized Scandinavian dialects spoken natively in the coast of the historical province of Westrobothnia in co-existence with Finnish, Sami and during the last centuries, national standard language Swedish. Westrobothnian is the northernmost dialect group of the North Germanic languages in Sweden and borders the traditional Sami speaking Lapland to the west and Finnish speaking Torne Valley to the north. Like all Scandinavian, the different varieties of Westrobothnian originate in Proto-Norse and dialects of Old Norse, spoken by immigrating Germanic settlers during the Viking Age. It has three grammatical genders in most dialects, two plural forms of indefinite nouns, and broad usage of definite nouns. Nouns are also inflected differently in the dative and accusative case. Some adjectives can be serially joined with nouns and some have two plural forms. A pleonastic article is always used before people's and pet's names in the vocative and when referring to a person.
==History==
A small population of Nordic tribes inhabited the area as early as the bronze age, evidence of this is supported by recent archeological findings in Backen and Jävre. While Sami cultures have been present around the inner parts of Westrobothnia for several thousand years, all forms of Westrobothnian are developments from Germanic-speaking settlers, arriving along the coast of the Scandinavian peninsula. Sami languages can be considered native to historical Sameland and Westrobothnian native to old Westrobothnia except for Torne Valley, where meänkieli Finnish traditionally has been the native tongue of the region; original Westrobothnia refers to the coastal areas of contemporary Västerbotten and Norrbotten. Westrobothnian dialects, in their different forms, have historically been the native tongues in Umeå and Skellefteå. In Kalix and Luleå, they co-existed with Kven language before gradually becoming the majority language of the region. These two cities are now part of Norrbotten county but before 1810 they belonged to Westrobothnia and therefore their dialects are included in the Westrobothnian dialect continuum. The different dialects of Westrobothnian are also present in southern and mid Lapland where it was introduced in the late 17th century as the colonization of traditional Sami lands begun. Each person was promised 15 tax-free years and other state privileges for settling what was then referred to as ''Lappmarkerna'' and many people from the coasts started moving up the river valleys to settle villages such as Arvidsjaur, Lycksele and as far north as eastern Jokkmokk municipality and thus bringing their different dialects of Westrobothnian to the previously Sami speaking region of Lapland.
Their main characteristics developed largely independently of standard Swedish for almost a millennium until 1850, when standard Swedish was introduced to all citizens through the public school system. At first they co-existed peacefully but during the 1930s the repression of genuine dialects and non North Germanic languages was at its peak and children were prohibited from using their native tongue in school and it was labelled as an ugly and inappropriate way of speaking. Standard Swedish is based on the dialects spoken in Svealand and Götaland and therefore differed considerably from the Westrobothnian tongues, even more than the differences between standard Swedish and the neighbouring languages Norwegian and Danish. The cities soon became majority Swedish speaking while the native tongues still maintained a strong stance in rural areas and minor towns for many decades to come. The native tongues were gradually weakened as an urbanization process went on and TV and radio broadcasts were exclusively in standard Swedish, making the native tongues appear backward. The misleading nickname "bondska" has played a big part in making the native tongues less attractive since it is derived from the Swedish word for peasant; it is widely used and causes a lot of misconceptions. The name was most likely not invented by the native speakers and should be considered pejorative since the word "bonde" or "bonnigt" is either used pejoratively for denoting something uncultivated or to refer to the occupation of farming. But the name was implemented and eventually turned into a self-fulfilling prophecy as the city population gradually switched to Swedish and people from the villages were highly discouraged about using their native tongues when moving to the city. The correct term in Swedish is "Västerbottniska" although it is rarely used; the notion of a Westrobothnian dialect group that includes Piteå, Luleå and Kalix dialects is unknown to most people but the pejorative name remains in use in the entire region to denote the regional dialect. During a large part of the 20th century, many citizens did not speak their native tongues in the cities because it was looked down upon but once back in their villages they switched to their native tongue.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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