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Whitecapping
Whitecapping is a violent lawless movement among farmers that occurred specifically in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was originally a ritualized form of enforcing community standards, appropriate behavior and traditional rights.〔McCormick, Chris and Green, Len, eds. "Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives." 1st ed. Toronto:Canadian Scholars' Press Inc, 2005. pp 54〕 However, as it spread throughout the poorest areas of the rural South it took on a distinct anti-black characteristic.
==History==
The Whitecapping movement started in Indiana around 1873, as white males began forming secret societies in order to attempt to deliver justice independent from the state. These groups were known as the 'White Caps'. The first White Cap encounters were generally aimed at those who went against a community’s values. Men who neglected or abused their family, people who showed excessive laziness and women who had children out of wedlock are all prime examples of possible targets.〔McCormick, Chris and Green, Len, eds. "Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives." 1st ed. Toronto:Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc, 2005. pp 56〕 As whitecapping spread into the Southern states during the 1890s, the targets became drastically different. In the South, White Cap societies were generally made up of poor white farmers, frequently sharecroppers and small landowners, who intended to control black laborers and prevent merchants from acquiring more land.〔Holmes, William. "Whitecapping: Anti-Semitism in the Populist Era." ''American Jewish Historical Quarterly.'' 63 (1974): 247.〕 These societies in the South made it their task to attempt to force a person to abandon his home or property. This racial character of whitecapping in the South is thought to have been ignited by the agricultural depression that occurred around the same time. With all of the attention centered on producing cotton, the South’s economy became very unbalanced. Many farmers went into debt and lost their lands to merchants through mortgage foreclosures.〔Holmes, William. "Whitecapping: Anti-Semitism in the Populist Era." American Jewish Historical Quarterly. 63 (1974): 246.〕 The merchants and their black laborers and sometimes new white tenants became quick targets for the dispossessed, who seemed to be losing everything. Racism contributed to the problem as well, prosperous black men in the South frequently faced resentment that could be expressed violently.〔Painter, Nell. "The Flames of Racial Hatred." ''The Washington Post.'' 4 Feb 1996, national ed.: X03.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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