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Wiarus
''Wiarus'' (Veteran Defender) was the name of a Polish-language newspaper published in Winona, Minnesota from 1886 to 1893 and 1895 to 1919; in 1893 it was renamed ''Katolik'', but reverted to its original name in 1895.〔http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90060821/〕 Wiarus also provided printing services for Winona's Kashubian Polish community. From 1886 to 1902, ''Wiarus'' was edited by the famed Kashubian-born poet and journalist Hieronim Derdowski. In its heyday, ''Wiarus'' was said to be the most widely circulated Polish-language newspaper in the United States.
==Establishment of ''Wiarus''==
The first edition of ''Wiarus'' is dated February 11, 1886, but at least one authoritative contemporary source gives Wiarus a starting date of 1885.〔Fifty Years in the Northwest: With an Introduction and Appendix Containing Reminiscences, Incidents and Notes, p. 729.〕 The date of 1885 must certainly refer to the discussions culminating in the foundation of ''Wiarus''. Led by the pastor, Reverend Jan Romuald Byzewski, Kashubian Poles from Winona's Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish pooled their resources to start a newspaper which would represent the interests of Winona's Kashubian Poles, at both the local and national levels. Two Winona Polish papers, ''Przyjaciel Ludu'' (People's Friend) and ''Kurjer Winonski'' (Winona Courier) had already failed.〔Leo M. Ochrymowycz, "Polish People of Southeastern Minnesota: Ethnic Heritage," in Gerald J. Langowski (ed.) ''The Polish Heritage'' (Winona: 1981), p. 160.〕 The Winona Daily Republican for February 18, 1886 states that officers of the Wiarus stock company were: Reverend Jan Byzewski, president; John B. Bambenek, vice-president; V.A. Lorbiecki, secretary; Frank Drazkowski, treasurer. The founders selected the title Wiarus to reflect the paper's values, as expressed below:
The first three issues of Wiarus were edited by Frank Drazkowski, the fourth through the tenth by Antoni Paryski (also called Parisso or Parek). Paryski is regarded by Winona historians to have been some kind of a Russian spy,〔Ochrymowycz, "Polish People..." p. 162.〕 but, in fact, later founded the influential Toledo-based newspaper ''Ameryka-Echo'', which survived until 1971.〔Karen Majewski, ''Traitors and True Poles: Narrating a Polish-American Identity, 1880-1939,'' pp. 36-40.〕 Heated allegations such as this were typical of that day's Polish-language press, as editors competed for influence and subscribers among a Polish American community just beginning to recognize its own strength. The third and most famous editor of Wiarus, Hieronim Derdowski, was no stranger to controversy either. Better known (then and now) as an influential Kashubian and Polish poet, Derdowski emigrated to the United States in 1885 and had already worn out his welcome at two Detroit newspapers: the socialist ''Gazeta Narodowa'' and the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America-supported ''Pielgrzym Polski''.〔Rev. Waclaw Kruszka, ''A History of the Poles in America to 1908'', volume 3, page 272.〕 Evidently, he had not been the first choice of Wiarus's editorial board, even though he had expressed interest and his fellow-Kashubian Father Byzewski must have known about him at least by reputation.〔Ochrymowycz, "Polish People..." pp. 161-162.〕 But with the eleventh issue of ''Wiarus'', a new era began.
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