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A wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. The use of term "wicked" here has come to denote resistance to resolution, rather than evil.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tackling Wicked Problems: A Public Policy Perspective )〕 Moreover, because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems. The phrase was originally used in social planning. Its modern sense was introduced in 1967 by C. West Churchman in a guest editorial he wrote in the journal ''Management Science'', responding to a previous use of the term by Horst Rittel. Churchman discussed the moral responsibility of operations research "to inform the manager in what respect our 'solutions' have failed to tame his wicked problems". Rittel and Melvin M. Webber formally described the concept of wicked problems in a 1973 treatise, contrasting "wicked" problems with relatively "tame", soluble problems in mathematics, chess, or puzzle solving.〔 ==Characteristics== Rittel and Webber's 1973 formulation of wicked problems in social policy planning specified ten characteristics:〔Ritchey 2007, Wicked Problems: Modelling Social Messes with Morphological Analysis〕 #There is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem. #Wicked problems have no stopping rule. #Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but good or bad. #There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem. #Every solution to a wicked problem is a "one-shot operation"; because there is no opportunity to learn by trial and error, every attempt counts significantly. #Wicked problems do not have an enumerable (or an exhaustively describable) set of potential solutions, nor is there a well-described set of permissible operations that may be incorporated into the plan. #Every wicked problem is essentially unique. #Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem. #The existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem's resolution. #The social planner has no right to be wrong (i.e., planners are liable for the consequences of the actions they generate). Conklin later generalized the concept of problem wickedness to areas other than planning and policy. The defining characteristics are: #The problem is not understood until after the formulation of a solution. #Wicked problems have no stopping rule. #Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong. #Every wicked problem is essentially novel and unique. #Every solution to a wicked problem is a 'one shot operation.' #Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wicked problem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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