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Saint Boniface
Saint Boniface ((ラテン語:Bonifatius)) ( 675? – 5 June 754 AD), born Winfrid, Wynfrith, or Wynfryth in the kingdom of Wessex in Anglo-Saxon England, was a leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He established the first organized Christianity in many parts of Germania. He is the patron saint of Germania, the first archbishop of Mainz and the "Apostle of the Germans". He was killed in Frisia in 754, along with 52 others. His remains were returned to Fulda, where they rest in a sarcophagus which became a site of pilgrimage. Facts about Boniface's life and death as well as his work became widely known, since there is a wealth of material available—a number of ''vitae'', especially the near-contemporary ''Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi'', and legal documents, possibly some sermons, and above all his correspondence.
Norman F. Cantor notes the three roles Boniface played that made him "one of the truly outstanding creators of the first Europe, as the apostle of Germania, the reformer of the Frankish church, and the chief fomentor of the alliance between the papacy and the Carolingian family."〔Cantor 167-68.〕 Through his efforts to reorganize and regulate the church of the Franks, he helped shape Western Christianity, and many of the dioceses he proposed remain today. After his martyrdom, he was quickly hailed as a saint in Fulda and other areas in Germania and in England. His cult is still notably strong today. Boniface is celebrated (and criticized)〔Van der Goot 1–2, 17.〕 as a missionary; he is regarded as a unifier of Europe, and he is seen (mainly by Catholics) as a Germanic national figure.
==Early life and first mission to Frisia==
The earliest Bonifacian ''vita'', Willibald's, does not mention his place of birth but says that at an early age he attended a monastery ruled by Abbot Wulfhard in ''escancastre'',〔Levison 6.〕 or ''Examchester'',〔Talbot 28.〕 which seems to denote Exeter, and may have been one of many ''monasteriola'' built by local landowners and churchmen; nothing else is known of it outside the Bonifacian ''vitae''.〔Schieffer 76–77; 103–105.〕 Later tradition places his birth at Crediton, but the earliest mention of Crediton in connection to Boniface is from the early fourteenth century,〔Orme.〕 in John Grandisson's ''Legenda Sanctorum: The Proper Lessons for Saints' Days according to the use of Exeter''.〔Levison xxix.〕 In one of his letters Boniface mentions he was "born and reared...() the synod of London",〔Emerton 81.〕 but he may have been speaking metaphorically.〔Flechner 47.〕
According to the ''vitae'', Winfrid was of a respected and prosperous family. Against his father's wishes he devoted himself at an early age to the monastic life. He received further theological training in the Benedictine monastery and minster of Nhutscelle (Nursling),〔Levison 9.〕 not far from Winchester, which under the direction of abbot Winbert had grown into an industrious centre of learning in the tradition of Aldhelm.〔Schieffer 105–106.〕 Winfrid taught in the abbey school and at the age of 30 became a priest; in this time, he wrote a Latin grammar, the ''Ars Grammatica'', besides a treatise on verse and some Aldhelm-inspired riddles.〔Gneuss 38.〕 While little is known about Nursling outside of Boniface's ''vitae'', it seems clear that the library there was significant. In order to supply Boniface with the materials he needed, it would have contained works by Donatus, Priscian, Isidore, and many others.〔Gneuss 37–40.〕 Around 716, when his abbot Wynberth of Nursling died, he was invited (or expected) to assume his position—it is possible that they were related, and the practice of hereditary right among the early Anglo-Saxons would affirm this.〔Yorke.〕 Winfrid, however, declined the position and in 716 set out on a missionary expedition to Frisia.
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