|
The Wiphala () is a square emblem, commonly used as a flag, representing some native peoples of all the Andes that include today's Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and parts of Argentina, Chile and Colombia. The ''suyu'' wiphalas are composed of a 7-by-7 square patchwork in seven colours, arranged diagonally. The precise configuration depends on the particular suyu represented by the emblem. The colour of the longest diagonal line (seven squares) determines which of the four suyus (regions) the flag represents: white for Qullasuyu, yellow for Kuntisuyu, red for Chinchaysuyu, and green for Antisuyu. There is also an alternate pattern for the Wiphala for Antinsuyu. Additionally a Wiphala also exists for Tupac Katari and the Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army. Article 6, section II of the new Bolivian constitution establishes the Wiphala as the dual flag of Bolivia along with the red, yellow, and green banner.〔("Bandera indígena boliviana es incluida como símbolo patrio en nueva Constitución" ), October 21, 2008, United Press International.〕〔Republic of Bolivia, (of the proposed ) (Nueva Constitución Política del Estado ), 2007.〕 ==History== In modern times the Whipala has been confused with a rainbow flag which is wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu. There is debate as to whether there was an Inca or Tawantisuyu flag. There are 16th and 17th-century chronicles and references that support the idea of a banner attributable to the Inca. However, it represented the Inca himself, not the empire. Also its origins are from symbols and mural designs found in several civilizations of the Andes with thousands of years of history. Francisco López de Jerez〔Francisco López de Jerez,''Verdadera relacion de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cuzco, llamada la Nueva Castilla'', 1534.〕 wrote in 1534: They all came divided up in squads with their flags and commanding captains, with as much order as the Turks. The chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote: … the "guión" or royal standard (ecclesiastical processional banner ) was a small, square small banner, of about 10-12 hands (is a measure from those times and it refers to a length similar to a hand. Ruedo is the total length of the cloth ), made of cotton or woolen cloth, that was carried at the top of a long flagpole, and was stiff, with no wave on the air; each king painted his arms and emblems (badges) on the banner; because each one (king) chose different ones (paintings on his banner), although the common ones among the Incas had the rainbow (arch ) (''...el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña, de diez o doce palmos de ruedo, hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana, iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga, tendida y tiesa, sin que ondease al aire, y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas, porque cada uno las escogía diferentes, aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste.'') Guaman Poma's 1615 book ''El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno'' shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags.〔Guaman Poma, ''El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno'', (1615/1616), pp. 256, 286, 344, 346, 400, 434, 1077, this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book. Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373, 515, 558, 1077. On pages 83, 167–171 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention, a shield, to place certain totems related to Inca leaders. There is no evidence of linear (Wiphala-like) patchwork.〕 The Museum of World Culture in Gothenburg, Sweden, holds a Wiphala that is dated through a C-14 test to the 11th century. It originates from the Tiwanaku region, and is part of collection of a Kallawaya medicine man grave. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wiphala」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|