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Wovoka (c. 1856 - September 20, 1932), also known as Jack Wilson, was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka means "cutter" or "wood cutter" in the Northern Paiute language. ==Biography== Wovoka was born in Smith Valley area southeast of Carson City, Nevada, around the year 1856. Quoitze Ow was his birth name.〔Hittman,"Wovoka And The Ghost Dance:Expanded Edition" (Lincoln, Nebraska:University of Nebraska:Press 1997) 47〕 Wovoka's father was Numu-tibo'o (sometimes called Tavibo), who for several decades was incorrectly believed to be Wodziwob, a religious leader who had founded the Ghost Dance of 1870.〔Du Bois, Cora "The 1870 Ghost Dance" ''Anthropological Records'' Vol. 3, No. 1 (1939) (Berkeley, California; University of California Press) 3-4 〕 From the age of eight until almost thirty he often worked for David Wilson, a rancher in the Yerington, Nevada area, and his wife Abigail, who gave him the name Jack Wilson when dealing with European Americans.〔Hittman, Michael ''Wovoka And The Ghost Dance: Expanded Edition'' (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press 1997) 27-28〕 David Wilson was a devout Christian, and Wovoka learned Christian theology and Bible stories while living with him.〔Hittman, ''Wovoka'' 55-56〕 One of his chief sources of authority among Paiutes was his alleged ability to control the weather. He was said to have caused a block of ice to fall out of the sky on a summer day, to be able to end drought with rain or snow, to light his pipe with the sun, and to form icicles in his hands. Wovoka claimed to have had a prophetic vision during the solar eclipse on January 1, 1889. Wovoka's vision entailed the resurrection of the Paiute dead and the removal of whites and their works from North America. Wovoka taught that in order to bring this vision to pass the Native Americans must live righteously and perform a traditional round dance, known as the Ghost dance, in a series of five-day gatherings. Wovoka's teachings spread quickly among many Native American peoples, notably the Lakota. The Ghost Dance movement is known for being practiced by the victims of the Wounded Knee Massacre; Indian Agents, soldiers, and other federal officials were predisposed towards a militaristic posture when dealing with a movement that was so antithetical to their views and ideas. Wovoka’s preachings included messages of non-violence, but two Miniconjou, Short Bull and Kicking Bear, allegedly emphasized the possible elimination of whites which contributed to the existing defensive attitude of the federal officials who were already fearful due to the unfamiliar Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka died in Yerington on September 20, 1932 and is interred in the Paiute Cemetery in the town of Schurz, Nevada. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wovoka」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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