|
Chinese shamanism, alternatively called Wuism (; alternatively 巫觋宗教 ''wū xí zōngjiào''), refers to the shamanic religious tradition of China.〔Libbrecht, 2007. p. 43. Further: Cf. Werner Eichhorn, ''Die Religionen Chinas'', 1973, pp. 55-70.〕 Its features are especially connected to the ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture.〔Nelson, Matson, Roberts, Rock, Stencel. 2006.〕 Chinese shamanic traditions are intrinsic to Chinese folk religion, an overarching term for all the indigenous religions of China. ''Wu'' masters remain important in contemporary Chinese culture. Various ritual traditions are rooted in original Chinese shamanism: contemporary Chinese ritual masters are sometimes identified as ''wu'' by outsiders,〔Nadeau, 2012. p. 140〕 though most orders don't self-identify as such. Also Taoism has some of its origins from Chinese shamanism:〔Libbrecht, 2007. p. 43.〕〔Waldau, Patton. 2009. p. 280〕 it developed around the pursuit of long life (''shou'' 壽/寿), or the status of a ''xian'' (仙, "mountain man", "holy man").〔Libbrecht, 2007. p. 43.〕 ==Meaning of ''wu''== (詳細はChinese word ''wu'' 巫 "shaman, wizard", indicating a man who can mediate with the powers generating things (the etymological meaning of "spirit", "god", or ''nomen agentis'', ''virtus'', ''energeia''), was first recorded during the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600-1046 BCE), when a ''wu'' could be either sex. During the late Zhou dynasty (1045-256 BCE) ''wu'' was used to specify "female shaman; sorceress" as opposed to ''xi'' 覡 "male shaman; sorcerer" (which first appears in the 4th century BCE ''Guoyu''). Other sex-differentiated shaman names include ''nanwu'' 男巫 for "male shaman; sorcerer; wizard"; and ''nüwu'' 女巫, ''wunü'' 巫女, ''wupo'' 巫婆, and ''wuyu'' 巫嫗 for "female shaman; sorceress; witch". The word ''tongji'' 童乩 (lit. "youth diviner") "shaman; spirit-medium" is a near-synonym of ''wu''. The Chinese tradition distinguishes native ''wu'' from "Siberian shaman": ''saman'' 薩滿 or ''saman'' 薩蠻; and from Indian ''Shramana'' "wandering monk; ascetic": ''shamen'' 沙門, ''sangmen'' 桑門, or ''sangmen'' 喪門. Berthold Laufer (1917:370) proposed an etymological relation between Mongolian ''bügä'' "shaman", Turkish ''bögü'' "shaman", Chinese ''bu'', ''wu'' (shaman), ''buk'', ''puk'' (to divine), and Tibetan ''aba'' (pronounced ''ba'', sorcerer). Coblin (1986:107) puts forward a Sino-Tibetan root *' "magician; sorcerer" for Chinese ''wu'' < ''mju'' < *''mjag'' 巫 "magician; shaman" and Written Tibetan'' 'ba'-po'' "sorcerer" and'' 'ba'-mo'' "sorcereress" (of the Bön religion). Further connections are to the ''bu-mo'' priests of Zhuang Shigongism and the ''bi-mo'' priests of Bimoism, the Yi indigenous faith. Also Korean ''mu'' 무 (of Muism) is cognate to Chinese ''wu'' 巫. Schuessler lists some etymologies: ''wu'' could be cognate with ''wu'' 舞 "to dance"; ''wu'' could also be cognate with ''mu'' 母 "mother" since ''wu'', as opposed to ''xi'' 覡, were typically female; ''wu'' could be a loanword from Iranian *''maghu'' or *''maguš'' "magi; magician", meaning an "able one; specialist in ritual". Mair (1990) provides archaeological and linguistic evidence that Chinese ''wu'' < *''myag'' 巫 "shaman; witch, wizard; magician" was a loanword from Old Persian *''maguš'' "magician; magi". Mair connects the nearly identical Chinese Bronze script for ''wu'' and Western heraldic cross potent ☩, an ancient symbol of a ''magus'' or ''magician'', which etymologically descend from the same Indo-European root. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese shamanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|