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* Go () is a board game involving two players, that originated in ancient China more than 2,500 years ago. It was considered one of the four essential arts of a cultured Chinese scholar in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal ''Zuo Zhuan''〔Fairbairn 1995 〕 (c. 4th century BC).〔Brooks 2007 〕 There is significant strategy involved in the game, and the number of possible games is vast (10761 compared, for example, to the estimated 10120 possible in chess), despite its relatively simple rules. The two players alternately place black and white playing pieces, called "stones", on the vacant intersections ("points") of a board with a 19x19 grid of lines. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards,〔Matthews, Charles. ''Teach Yourself Go'', p.1〕 and archaeological evidence shows that game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. By the time the game had spread to Korea and Japan in about the 5th and 7th centuries CE respectively, however, boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard.〔Cho Chikun, p.18〕 The objective of the game—as the translation of its name implies—is to have surrounded a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent by the end of the game,〔Matthews, Charles. ''Teach Yourself Go'', p.2〕 although this result typically involves many more intricacies than simply using surrounding areas directly. Once placed on the board, stones may not be moved, but stones may be removed from the board if captured. This is done by surrounding an opposing stone or group of stones by occupying all orthogonally-adjacent points.〔Iwamoto, p.22〕 The two players place stones alternately until they reach a point at which neither player wishes to make another move; the game has no set ending conditions beyond this. When a game concludes, the territory is counted along with captured stones and komi (points added to the score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second) to determine the winner.〔Iwamoto, p.18〕 Games may also be won by resignation. As of mid-2008, there were well over 40 million Go players worldwide, the overwhelming majority of them living in East Asia. , the International Go Federation has a total of 74 member countries and four Association Members covering multiple countries. ==Overview== Go is an adversarial game with the objective of having surrounded a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones which map out formations and potential territories. Areas are contested in battles between opposing stones, which are often complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of the contested area. A basic principle of Go is that stones must have at least one "liberty" (Chinese: 氣) to remain on the board. A "liberty" is an open "point" (intersection) next to a stone. An enclosed liberty (or liberties) is called an "eye" (眼), and a group of stones with at least two separate eyes is said to be unconditionally "alive".〔Cho Chikun, p.21〕 Such groups cannot be captured, even if surrounded.〔Iwamoto, p.77〕 "Dead" stones are stones that are surrounded and in groups with poor shape (one or no eyes), and thus cannot resist eventual capture.〔Cho Chikun, p.27〕 The general strategy of Go is to expand one's territory where possible, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can possibly be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups.〔Cho Chikun, p.28〕〔Cobb p.21〕 The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where two opposing groups must capture the other to live are called capturing races ('semeai' () in Japanese).〔Cho Chikun, p.69〕 In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones.〔〔Cobb p.20〕 Capturing races and questions of life and death are examples of what makes Go challenging. The game ends when both players pass, and players pass when there are no more profitable moves to be made.〔Cho Chikun, p.35〕 The game is then scored: The player with the greater number of controlled (surrounded) points, factoring in the number of captured stones and komi, wins the game.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.gokgs.com/tutorial/gameEnd.jsp )〕 Games may also be won by resignation, for example if a player has lost a large group of stones. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Go (game)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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