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The Standard Chinese word xuanchuan "dissemination; propaganda; publicity" originally meant "to announce or convey information" during the 3rd-century Three Kingdoms period, and was chosen to translate Russian ''propagánda'' in the 20th-century People's Republic of China, adopting the Marxist-Leninist concept of a "transmission belt" for indoctrination and mass mobilization (Shambaugh 2007: 26). ''Xuanchuan'' is the keyword for propaganda in the People's Republic of China and propaganda in the Republic of China. ==Terminology== The Chinese term ''xuanchuan'' compounds ''xuan'' "declare; proclaim; announce" and ''chuan'' or "pass (on); hand down; impart; teach; spread; infect; be contagious" (DeFrancis 2003: 1087, 124). Numerous common Chinese words are based upon ''xuanchuan'', such as: ''xuānchuánpǐn'' 宣傳品 "propaganda/publicity material", ''xuānchuánduì'' 宣傳隊 "propaganda team", ''xuānchuánhuà'' 宣傳畫 "propaganda poster", ''xuānchuándān'' 宣傳單 "propaganda slips/sheets", ''xuānchuángǔdòng'' 宣傳鼓動 "agitprop", and ''xuānchuán diànyǐng'' 宣傳電影 "propaganda film". In lexicographic terminology, a bilingual dictionary provides "translation equivalents" (rather than "definitions") between the source and target languages. Sometimes words have complete equivalents, such as translating French ''chien'' as English ''dog''; but other times have partial or alternative equivalents, such as translating French ''veau'' as either the animal ''calf'' or the meat ''veal'' (Svensén 1993: 143-157). English ''propaganda'' and ''publicity'' are alternative equivalents for Chinese ''xuanchuan''. The classical Chinese word ''qing'' 青 "green; blue; black", representing the distinction of blue and green in various languages, is a better known example of Chinese-English alternative translations. Compare the color range across collocations like ''qīngcài'' 青菜 "green vegetables; greens", ''qīngjīn'' 青筋 "blue veins", ''qīngtiān'' 青天 "azure sky", ''qīngbù'' 青布 "black cloth", or ''qīngkèmǎ'' 青騍馬 "gray mare". Translation equivalents of ''xuanchuan'' in major Chinese-English dictionaries include: *"to declare; propaganda" (Mathews 1943: 431) *"propaganda; to carry on propaganda (for)" (Chao and Yang 1947: 61) *"propagate; propagandize; publicize; propaganda (work, bureau, etc.)" (Lin 1972: 687) *"conduct propaganda; propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" (Wu 1979: 782) *"propagate; disseminate; propagandize; give publicity to; publicize" (Ding 1985: 1162) *"to publicize; to promote; propaganda; promotion" (Liang and Chang 1992: 322) *"publicize; propagate; advocated; advertise; preach; blaze sth. abroad (); whoop" (Wu 1993: 2886) *"propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" (DeFrancis 2003: 1087) Thus, the most frequent English lexicographical translations of ''xuanchuan'' are , , , , , and . Many languages besides English have different words to distinguish "propaganda" and "publicity", for instance, German ''Propaganda'' and ''Werbung'', or Russian ''propagánda'' ''пропага́нда'' and ''rekláma'' ''рекла́ма''. Few languages besides Chinese have one polysemous word; excluding Sinoxenic loanwords from Chinese such as Japanese ''senden'' 宣伝 "propaganda; advertisement; publicity", one example is Irish ''bolscaireacht'' "publicity; propaganda; claptrap''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Xuanchuan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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