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Xystodesmidae
Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality. They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia.〔 Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus ''Nannaria'' contains over 200 species, but only 25 have so far been described.〔
Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including ''Apheloria virginiensis'' of the eastern U.S. and ''Harpaphe haydeniana'' of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus ''Motyxia'' exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of ''Apheloria'' and ''Brachoria'' in the Appalachians exhibit Müllerian mimicry, in which unrelated species resemble one another where they co-occur.
The family Xystodesmidae was named by O. F. Cook in 1895, upon the description of ''Xystodesmus martensii'', (previously ''Polydesmus martensii''). Xytodesmidae is placed in the suborder Chelodesmidea within the order Polydesmida (the "flat-backed" or "keeled millipedes"). Xystodemids are characterized by a relatively broad and compact body shape and one or more spines on the second leg-segments (prefemoral spines) in most species.
==Classification==
The family is divided into three subfamilies: the Melaphinae with around 10 species, the Parafontariinae with a dozen species in a single genus, and the Xystodesminae, with many genera and species.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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