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Xẩm
Xẩm or Hát xẩm (Xẩm singing) is a type of Vietnamese folk music which was popular in the Northern region of Vietnam but is nowadays considered an endangered form of traditional music in Vietnam. In the dynastic time, xẩm was generally performed by blind artists who wandered from town to town and earned their living by singing in common places. Xẩm artists often play đàn bầu or đàn nhị to accompany the songs themselves, and sometimes they form a band with one singer and others who play traditional instruments such as the drum or phách. The melodies of xẩm are borrowed from different types of Vietnamese folk music such as trống quân or quan họ, while its themes are generally ''The Tale of Kiều'', ''Lục Vân Tiên'', and other popular Vietnamese stories.
==History and performers==
The origin of xẩm was dated from the Trần dynasty in the 14th century.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Xam Singing in Hanoi )〕 During the dynastic time, xẩm was popular in the Northern region of Vietnam.〔 Traditionally, xẩm was performed by blind artists who wandered from town to town and earned their living by singing in common places such as markets or communal temples.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hát xẩm )〕 At the beginning of the 20th century, xẩm artists performed on the trams of the public transport system of Hanoi, so this type of folk music was sometimes called ''xẩm tàu điện'' (''tram xẩm'').〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Music in the air )〕
When the tram lines were abandoned in the 1980s, xẩm tàu điện disappeared and xẩm gradually fell into oblivion.〔 Facing the unstoppable decline of xẩm, researchers and devoted artists tried but failed to revitalize this art form.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Young singer revitalizes traditional folk music )〕 Nowadays, xẩm is considered an endangered form of Vietnamese traditional music because the number of experienced artists rapidly declines while the younger generation usually prefers modern types of music.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mai Tuyet Hoa and her Passion for Xam Singing )〕〔 The most famous recent artisan of this art form was Hà Thị Cầu (1917-2013), the so-called "last surviving artisan of xẩm."〔(Last surviving artisan of Xam singing dies )〕 She was one of the few artisans who was honoured by the title ''Nghệ sĩ ưu tú'' (Outstanding Artist of Vietnam). There are several efforts to preserve and propagate xẩm, such as the introduction of xẩm performance in the Đồng Xuân night market, and encouraging young artists to learn xẩm from old artisans.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Efforts to revive age-old tradition of xam music )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Xẩm」の詳細全文を読む
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