|
The Yamakasi is the original group of parkour practitioners from Lisses, France. The nine founding members were David Belle, Sébastien Foucan, Châu Belle Dinh, Williams Belle, Yann Hnautra, Laurent Piemontesi, Guylain N'Guba Boyeke, Malik Diouf, and Charles Perriére. Their philosophy was that parkour builds an individual who is physically, mentally, and ethically strong. The name has been used in popular references to parkour, including in French films about admirable lawbreakers who do their physically demanding deeds for charitable ends. Members of the original group have continued to appear in video reports on their history and the practice. ==History== (詳細はGeorges Hébert's ''methode naturelle''. David initially trained on his own, and after moving to Lisses found other young men (including his cousins) who had similar desires and they began to train together. The group put themselves through challenges that forced them to find physical and mental strength to succeed. Examples included training without food or water, or sleeping on the floor without a blanket, to learn to endure the cold.〔Angel, p. 23〕 The group began began calling themselves the ''Yamakasi'' - Congolese Lingala ''ya makási'', meaning strong in one's person. They called their activity ''l'art du déplacement'' - the art of movement. To join the group, new members had to be recommended by an existing member and then pass tests to evaluate their motivation for joining.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 42〕 The group complemented their training with values and principles shared with all members,〔 such as honesty, respect, humility, sacrifice and hard work.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 26〕 For example, no one in the group was permitted to be late for training, as it would hold back the whole group. If any member completed a challenge, everyone else had to do the same thing.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 43〕 During their training no one was allowed to be negative or to complain. Few excuses were allowed. For instance, if someone claimed that his shoes were too worn out in order to make a jump, he had to do it anyway, even if it meant doing the jump barefoot.〔 At the same time, everyone was required to have knowledge of their own limits.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 46〕 Respecting one's health and physical well-being was one of the foundations of the group. If any member hurt himself during or after the execution of a movement, the movement was deemed a failure. A movement executed only once was not considered an achievement; only with repetition was the challenge complete. Every movement had to be repeated at least ten times in a row without the traceur having to push his limits or sustaining any injury. If any mistake was made by any traceur in the group everyone had to start all over again.〔 Humility was an important principle.〔 No traceur was allowed to feel superior over someone else, for example by executing a movement only to show off in front of someone who could not perform the movement. If any traceur in the group claimed that he had completed a difficult and dangerous challenge that should not be attempted unaided, he had to prove his claims by doing the challenge again. Anyone who lied violated the principle of humility.〔 Despite the huge emphasis on the collective, each traceur had to progress and develop independently, and there was a complete trust within the group.〔 Every traceur was to encourage the others and show confidence through their behaviour.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 47〕 If a member violated the principles, the group could meet without the offending person to discuss various punishments. Anyone deemed unsuitable could be temporarily or even permanently banned from the group in order to uphold the disciplines, values, and principles.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 44〕 Despite the huge emphasis on the collective and the principles, everyone was trying to find their own way in Parkour to fulfill their personal development.〔 The aim of parkour was to create the means to be yourself.〔Belle and Perriére, p. 53〕 In the late 1990s, after David's brother sent pictures and video to a French TV programme, the popularity of parkour began to increase. A series of television programmes in various countries subsequently featured video footage of the group, and as the popularity increased, they began to get more and more offers. Eventually, the original group split apart to pursue different goals, some staying with the discipline and others leaving. The number of practitioners in total, though, kept increasing, and parkour's popularity began to spread around the globe through television, feature film and increasing use of online video-sharing methods.〔Angel, pp. 17–20〕〔Belle, pp. 71–79〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yamakasi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|