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Yangism
Yangism () was a philosophical school founded by Yang Zhu, existent during the Warring States period (475 BCE - 221 BCE), that believed that human actions are and should be based on self-interest. The school has been described by sinologists as an early form of psychological and ethical egoism. The main focus of the Yangists was on the concept of ''xing'', or human nature,〔 a term later incorporated by Mencius into Confucianism. No documents directly authored by the Yangists have been discovered yet, and all that is known of the school comes from the comments of rival philosophers, specifically in the Chinese texts ''Huainanzi'', ''Lüshi Chunqiu'', ''Mengzi'', and possibly the ''Liezi'' and ''Zhuangzi''. The philosopher Mencius claimed that Yangism once rivaled Confucianism and Mohism, although the veracity of this claim remains controversial among sinologists. Because Yangism had largely faded into obscurity by the time that Sima Qian compiled his Shiji, the school was not included as one of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
== Philosophy ==
Yangism has been described as a form of psychological and ethical egoism.〔 The Yangist philosophers believed in the importance of maintaining self-interest through "keeping one's nature intact, protecting one's uniqueness, and not letting the body be tied by other things." Disagreeing with the Confucian virtues of ''li'' (propriety), ''ren'' (humaneness), and ''yi'' (righteousness) and the Legalist virtue of ''fa'' (law), the Yangists saw ''wei wo'', or "everything for myself," as the only virtue necessary for self-cultivation. Individual pleasure is considered desirable, like in hedonism, but not at the expense of the health of individual.〔 The Yangists saw individual well-being as the prime purpose of life, and considered anything that hindered that well-being immoral and unnecessary.〔
The main focus of the Yangists was on the concept of ''xing'', or human nature,〔 a term later incorporated by Mencius into Confucianism. The ''xing'', according to sinologist A. C. Graham, is a person's "proper course of development" in life. Individuals can only rationally care for their own ''xing'', and should not naively have to support the ''xing'' of other people, even if it means opposing the emperor.〔 In this sense, Yangism is a "direct attack" on Confucianism, by implying that the power of the emperor, defended in Confucianism, is baseless and destructive, and that state intervention is morally flawed.〔
The Confucian philosopher Mencius depicts Yangism as the direct opposite of Mohism, while Mohism promotes the idea of universal love and impartial caring, the Yangists acted only "for themselves," rejecting the altruism of Mohism. He criticized the Yangists as selfish, ignoring the duty of serving the public and caring only for personal concerns. Mencius saw Confucianism as the "Middle Way" between Mohism and Yangism.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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