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Yenangyaung ((ビルマ語:ရေနံချောင်း); literally "stream of oil") , city,west-central Myanmar on the Irrawaddy River,135miles from Mandalay and 360miles from Yangon.Yenangyaung is the 4 th biggest city in Magway Division.There are Yenanchaung Degree Colledge and Government Technical Institute in Yenangyaung city.No(1)Basic Education High School was begun in 1915 was hundred years old in 2015,January. ==History== For centuries, the dominant industry in the area has been petroleum. It began as an indigenous oil industry, with hand-dug wells; from 1755 onwards, early British soldier-diplomats began to note its existence.〔Marilyn V Longmuir, "Oil in Burma: The Extraction of 'Earth-Oil' to 1914", Bangkok, White Lotus Press, 2001, ISBN 974-7534-60-6.〕 In 1795, Major Michael Symes described the indigenous industry as "the celebrated wells of Petroleum".〔Michael Symes, "An Account of an Embassy to the Court of Ava in the Year 1795", Edinburgh, Constable, 1827〕 The following year, when Captain Hiram Cox, the East India Company Resident in Rangoon, visited Yenangyaung, he recorded there were "520 wells registered by government".〔Hiram Cox, "Journal of a Residence in the Burmhan Empire", Farnborough, Gregg International Publishers, 1971.〕 The oil fields at Twingon and Beme, close to Yenangyaung, were in the hands of a hereditary corporation of 24 families, each headed by a ''twinzayo'' (). In turn, these ''yo-ya'' families were headed by 18 men and 6 women ''twinzayos''. The inheritance descended from male to male and from female to female.〔Report of a Committee Appointed to Investigate the Condition of the Twinza Reserves, Yenangyaung Oil-Field, Burma. Rangoon: Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, 1908.〕 The word ''twinzayo'' is derived from ''twin'' meaning well, ''za'', eater or one who derives income from property and ''yo'' which represents the hereditary lineal bloodline.〔Marilyn V Longmuir, ''Oil in Burma: The Extraction of Earth Oil to 1914'', Bangkok, White Lotus Press.〕 The ''twinzayo'' could arrange for wells to be dug on their behalf or could allocate well sites to others. In pre-colonial times, these individual well owners, known as ''twinza'' were usually relatives of the ''twinzayo'' and paid a small monthly rental for their site.〔Fritz Noetling, The Occurrence of Petroleum in Burma, and its Technical Exploitation", ''Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India'', 27.2 (1898), 162〕 The ''twingyimin'', the elected head of the ''twinzayo'' corporation controlled the fields, and though a ''twinzayo'' could choose the site of a well, digging could not commence until site approval by the ''twingyimin''.〔''Report of a Committee Appointed to Investigate the Condition of the Twinza Reserves Yenangyaung Oil-Field, Burma'', Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. Rangoon, 1908, 132.〕 During British colonial rule, the hereditary rights of the ''twinzayo'' were recognized in the Executive Instructions of 1893. The origins of this indigenous industry remain uncertain, with some claiming that it began as early as the 10th century AD.〔 However, the earliest extant records date to 1755, attributed to an English captain, George Baker, who wrote of an "earth oil town" of 200 families by the Irrawaddy River.〔 In pre-colonial times, wells were dug by hand. Some records estimated that upwards of of oil were produced a day in 1797.〔 During World War II, Yenangyaung was the location of a strategically and tactically important oil refinery. As a result of the speed and success of the Japanese advance through Burma during the Burma Campaign and the Battle of Yenangyaung, the retreating Allied forces were forced to blow up the oil fields and refinery to prevent them falling into the hands of the Japanese. This diffi?cult task was left to a small group of men who had experience with explosives and demolitions, some from serving with the Bombay Pioneers, part of the British Indian Army, in World War I. The oil facilities were destroyed at 10 pm on 16 April 1942.〔Minute details of this retreat and demolition are found in the first half of "Retreat with Stilwell", by correspondent Jack Belden, Garden City Books, New York, 1943.〕 This group included Lt. Col. Arthur Herbert Virgin OBE, formerly of the 2nd Bombay Pioneers, who at that time would have been a Captain or Major in the 20th Burma Rifles, which later formed part of the Fourteenth Army under Field Marshal Sir William Slim. He and the rest of the men had to escape through enemy-held territory to Imphal and Kohima in India, a distance of nearly 1,000 miles. This escape included swimming across the Irrawaddy River, as the only bridge had been blown up to delay the Japanese. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yenangyaung」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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