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Yiddish words may be used in a primarily English language context. An English sentence that uses these words sometimes is said to be in Yinglish or Hebronics; however, the primary meaning of Yinglish is an anglicism used in Yiddish. This secondary sense of the term ''Yinglish'' describes the distinctive way certain Jews in English-speaking countries add many Yiddish words into their conversation, beyond general Yiddish words and phrases used by English speakers. In this meaning, Yinglish is not the same as Yeshivish, which is spoken by many Orthodox Jews, though the two share many parallels. While "Yinglish" is generally restricted in definition to the adaptation of Yiddish lemmas to English grammar by Jews, its usage is not explicitly restricted to Jews. This is especially true in areas where Jews are highly concentrated, but in constant interaction with their Gentile fellows, esp. in the larger urban areas of North America. In such circumstances, it would not be unusual to hear, for example, a Gentile griping about having "shlepped" a package across town. Yinglish was formerly assigned the ISO 639-3 code yib, but it was retired on July 18, 2007, on the grounds that it is entirely intelligible with English.〔SIL International, (Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: yib ). Accessed 2009-08-04.〕〔ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, 2006-10-16, (Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code ). Accessed 2009-08-04.〕Many of these words have not been assimilated into English and are unlikely to be understood by English speakers who do not have substantial Yiddish knowledge. Leo Rosten's book, ''The Joys of Yiddish,'' explains these words (and many more) in detail. With the exceptions of ''blintz,'' ''kosher'' (used in English slang), and ''shmo,'' none of the other words in this list are labeled as ''Yinglish'' in Rosten's book. As with Yiddish, Yinglish has no set transliteration standard; as the primary speakers of Yinglish are, by definition, Anglophones (whether first-language or not), Yinglish used in running speech tends to be transliterated using an English-based orthography. This, however, varies, sometimes in the same sentence. For instance, the word פֿאַרקאַקטע may be spelled ''farkakte'', ''ferkockte'', ''verkackte'', among others. In its roots, though, Yiddish (whether used as English slang or not) is fundamentally mediaeval High German; although mediaeval German suffered from the same vagaries in spelling, it later became standardised in Modern High German. This list shall use the same conventions as Modern High German, with the exception of certain words, the spellings of which have been standardised. Furthermore, common nouns shall be left lowercase, as in English. See also List of English words of Yiddish origin. == A == * aidim: son-in-law, from middle-high-German ''eidam'' * a schande (Yid., אַ שאַנדע): a disgrace; one who brings embarrassment through mere association, cf. German ''eine Schande'', translated "a disgrace", meaning "such a shame" * a schande vor de goyim (Yid., אַ שאַנדע פֿאַר די גוים): "A disgrace before (in front of) the Gentiles", the scathing criticism of Judge Julius Hoffman by Abbie Hoffman during the trial of the Chicago Eight, whereby ''goyim'' means nation, people or non-Jews. Also spelled in varied phonetic and Germanic ways as "a shanda fur di goyim," "a schande fur die goyim," and so forth. * ay-ay-ay (Yid., אײַ־אײַ־אײַ) (sometimes spelled "ai-yi-yi" or spoken "Ei, yei, ''yei"'')〔Rosten, op. cit., p. 7.〕 * aber gesund! (Yid., אַבי געזונט): from the German, literally meaning "but healthy" ("As long as you're healthy!"); often used as an ironic punchline to a joke * aber man lebt (Yid., אַבי מע לעבט): from the German, meaning "At least I'm alive" * alter kicker or alter kacker (Yid., אַלטער קאַקער): an old fart (from German ''Alter'' "old" and ''kacker'' "crapper")〔Rosten, op. cit., p. 14.〕 Also sometimes spelled phonetically as "alte kocker." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yiddish words used in English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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