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Yoga (; Sanskrit, (Listen )) is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice or discipline which originated in India. There is a broad variety of schools, practices and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism (particularly Vajrayana Buddhism〔Chogyam Trungpa (2001) ''The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra''. Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-895-5〕〔Edmonton Patric 2007,pali and its significance p. 332〕〔Lama Yeshe (1998). ''The Bliss of Inner Fire.'' Wisdom Publications. pp. 135-141.〕) and Jainism.〔Denise Lardner Carmody, John Carmody (1996), ''Serene Compassion.'' Oxford University Press US. p. 68.〕〔Stuart Ray Sarbacker, ''Samādhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga.'' SUNY Press, 2005, pp. 1–2.〕〔Tattvarthasutra (), see Manu Doshi (2007) Translation of Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar p. 102〕〔 The best-known are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga. The origins of yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions, but most likely developed around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, in ancient India's ascetic and śramaṇa movements. The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads〔Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1, pages 25-34〕 and Buddhist Pāli Canon,〔 probably of third century BCE or later. The ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE,〔Whicher, pp. 1-4, chronology on pp. 41-42〕〔W. Y. Evans-Wentz (2000), Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513314-1, Chapters 7 and 8〕 but only gained prominence in the West in the 20th century. Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra.〔James Mallinson, "Sāktism and Hathayoga," 28 June 2012. http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf (19 September 2013 ) pg. 20, Quote: "The techniques of hatha yoga are not taught in Sanskrit texts until the 11th century or thereabouts."〕〔Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 16. "It is for this reason that hatha-yoga is sometimes referred to as a variety of 'Tantrism'."〕 Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world.〔 Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more than physical exercise, it has a meditative and spiritual core.〔 * Marek Jantos (2012), in Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare (Editors: Mark Cobb et al.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-957139-0, pages 362-363 * James M. Nelson (2009), Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4419-2769-9, pages 78-82 * Jean Varenne (1977), Yoga and the Hindu Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-0-226-85116-7, Preface and Introduction〕 One of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics, and is closely related to Hindu Samkhya philosophy.〔 * Mikel Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-64887-5, See Introduction section; * John A. Grimes (1989), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-0100-2, page 70〕 Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as a complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, and heart disease. The results of these studies〔 * * * 〕〔, art.nr. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x〕 have been mixed and inconclusive, with cancer studies suggesting none to unclear effectiveness, and others suggesting yoga may reduce risk factors and aid in a patient's psychological healing process. == Etymology == In Vedic Sanskrit, yoga (from the root ') means "to add", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach" in its most common literal sense. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, the word took on broader meanings such as "employment, use, application, performance" (compare the figurative uses of "to harness" as in "to put something to some use"). All further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as "exertion", "endeavour", "zeal", and "diligence" are also found in Indian epic poetry. There are very many compound words containing ''yoga'' in Sanskrit. ''Yoga'' can take on meanings such as "connection", "contact", "union", "method", "application", "addition" and "performance". In simpler words, Yoga also means "combined". For example, ''guṇáyoga'' means "contact with a cord"; ''chakráyoga'' has a medical sense of "applying a splint or similar instrument by means of pulleys (in case of dislocation of the thigh)"; ''chandráyoga'' has the astronomical sense of "conjunction of the moon with a constellation"; ''puṃyoga'' is a grammatical term expressing "connection or relation with a man", etc. Thus, ''bhaktiyoga'' means "devoted attachment" in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term ''kriyāyoga'' has a grammatical sense, meaning "connection with a verb". But the same compound is also given a technical meaning in the ''Yoga Sutras'' (2.1), designating the "practical" aspects of the philosophy, i.e. the "union with the Supreme" due to performance of duties in everyday life〔Whicher, p. 6–7.〕 According to Pāṇini, a 6th-century BCE Sanskrit grammarian, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, ''yujir yoga'' (to yoke) or ''yuj samādhau'' (to concentrate).〔 In the context of the ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'', the root ''yuj samādhau'' (to concentrate) is considered by traditional commentators as the correct etymology.〔Bryant 2009, p. 5.〕 In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the ''Yoga Sutras'',〔Bryant 2009, p. xxxix.〕 states that yoga means ''samādhi'' (concentration). According to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, ''yujir yoga'' (to yoke) or ''yuj samādhau'' (to concentrate). Someone who practices yoga or follows the yoga philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi (may be applied to a man or a woman) or yogini (traditionally denoting a woman).〔American Heritage Dictionary: "Yogi, One who practices yoga." Websters: "Yogi, A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yoga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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