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Yueban (), also written Üeban, Urpen ''literally:'' "Weak Xiongnu") was the name used by Chinese historians for remnants of the Xiongnu in Zhetysu, now part of modern-day Kazakhstan. In Chinese literature they commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Eastern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China. The Yueban emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederation. They underwent a strong influence of the Sogdian culture.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph15.htm (In Russian)〕 Their name was later applied to the Chuy tribes of Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban. The Chuy tribes were also collectively named Chuyue (). The present endoethnonym of the Chuy descendants is Chuy Kiji, Turkic for "Chuy People".〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)〕 The Yuebans later intermixing with Turkic peoples, formed the Shatuo of the Western Göktürk Khaganate.〔C. P. Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p.424〕 The Yueban-descended Shato played an important role in Chinese dynastic history. In the 10th century the remaining Shato branch of the Chuy tribe possibly joined Mongolic-speaking Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia, and became known as Ongud or White Tatars 〔Ozkan Izgi, ''"The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"''//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, ISBN 975-6782-56-0〕 branch of the Tatars. Another Chuy-descendent tribe, the Kimek was one of the Turkic tribes known from Arab and Persian Middle Age writers as one of the seven tribes in the Kimek Kaganate in the period of 743-1050 AD. The other six constituent tribes of the Kimek Kaganate according to Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) were the Kipchaks, Imi, Tatars, Bayandur, Lanikaz, and Ajlad. ==History== Between 155 and 166 a former vassal tribe Syanbi (Ch. pinyin Xianbei, Wade–Giles Hsien-pi, Hsien-pei) of the Huns (Ch. Xiongnu), known collectively as Xiongnu, united under Tian-Shih-huai conducted a series of campaigns against Northern Xiongnu, eventually defeating them and forcing them to flee west, which started a series of the Xiongnu's westward migrations (93-c. 380) to the S. Siberia and Middle Asia 〔L.T. Yablonsky ''"Stock-Breeders of the Ancient Khоrezm"'', Russian Academy Of Sciences Institute Of Archaeology, Bulletin of Russian Humanities Foundation, 1999, Issues 1-2, Page 198〕〔E.A.Tsvetsinskaya ''"Integrated assessment of landscape evolution in the Amudarya Prisarykamysh delta, 2001〕 The defeat ended the prominence of the Eastern Huns (Ch. Xiongnu) as a major power in inner Asia. Tian-Shih-huai expelled the Xiongnu from Dzungaria to beyond the Tarbagatai Mountains, and pushed the Dingling beyond the Sayan mountains. The defeat had cost the Xiongnu their revenue from the Silk Road in the agricultural dependencies in the Tarim Basin ("Western Territories", Xiyu or Xinjian of the Chinese annals), forcing them to find new dependencies, and the Xiongnu split again. The Yueban tribes, or "Weak Xiongnu", took advantage of Uar (Hephthalites) weakness and conquered Zhetysu, where they established the principality of Yueban, which existed until the 480s AD. Later, some Uar returned to Zhetysu, and in cooperation with the ''Mukrins'', a Xianbei tribe, occupied the Tianshan slopes in the 2nd century AD, retaining their independence for some time as the ''Western Xianbei Horde''.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)〕 The "Strong Xiongnu" (Huns) migrated westward, conquering the Iranian Alans and Germanic Goths, and later attacking the Roman Empire. This Hunnic invasion of Europe led to severe upheavals among European peoples, giving the Huns a reputation in Europe as bandits and robbers, while the Chinese authors characterized them as the most cultured of all "barbarians".〔Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph15.htm (In Russian)〕 In literature, the Yuebans of the Late Antique period are also called by the generic appellation Central Asian Huns. In the 5th century the Yueban were conquered by the Gaoche and split into four tribes: Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph16.htm (In Russian)〕 The Chuyue branch, intermixing with Turkuts, formed the Shato tribe in Southern Dzungaria, west of Lake Barkol.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)〕 The Zhetysu was also populated by remnants of the Yuezhi tribes, the Tukhsi and Azi, whose armies had conquered Bactria centuries before. The Azi lived between Suyab and Uzket. Mahmud Kashgari, who can be named a founder of comparative linguistics science, in the 11th century listed Tukhsi, a male dynastic tribe of the Az-Tochar composition, as a group of tribes with pure Turkic language.〔Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 152-153, 〕 In 448 the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei received an envoy from the Yueban to negotiate a war with the Rouran. If the Yuebans would pressure them from the west, the Rourans would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the nomadic empire of Rouran began to decline.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)〕 Based on his reconstructions of the events of Yueban history, Lev Gumilev argued against a widespread view that the Rouran were the "Abars" who attacked the Sabirs, starting a "Great Migration of people", because the Chuban state separated the Rouran Empire from the Sabirs.〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)〕 By the 6th century AD the Yuebans, Uar Hephthalites, and Mukrin tribes merged to form the Turgesh people. The Yueban state survived to the end of 480s, until its independence was destroyed by the Teleuts, who had split from the Rouran in 487. But the Teleuts' dominance was short-lived, first the Hephthalite conquered them in 495-496, then Rouran crushed them, and finally in 547, the Turkut Uyghur people conquered the Teleuts. But the Yueban lived on, forming four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the later Turkic Khaganate and thereafter〔Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yueban」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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