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OJSC "Yukos Oil Company" (, ) was an oil and gas company based in Moscow, Russia. Yukos was acquired from the Russian government by Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Bank Menatep during the controversial "loans for shares" auctions of the mid 1990s. Between 1996 and 2003 Yukos became one of the biggest and most successful Russian companies, producing 20% of Russia's oil output, as much as Libya or Iraq, and Khodorkovsky became an advocate of democratization, international co-operation and Russian reform. In October 2003 Khodorkovsky—by then the richest man in Russia and 16th richest man in the world—was arrested, and the company was forcibly broken up for alleged unpaid taxes shortly after and declared bankrupt in August 2006. Courts in several countries later ruled that the real intent was to destroy Yukos and obtain its assets for the government, and act politically against Khodorkovsky. In 2014 the largest arbitration award in history, $50 billion (€37,2 billion), was won by Yukos' former owners against Russia.〔http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/28/us-russia-yukos-gml-idUSKBN0FX0O620140728〕 From 2003-04 onwards, the Russian government presented Yukos with a series of tax claims totaling US$27 billion (€20,1 billion). As the government froze Yukos' assets at the same time, and alternative attempts to settle by Yukos were refused, the company was unable to pay these tax demands. Between 2004 and 2007, most of Yukos's assets were seized and transferred for a fraction of their value to state-owned oil companies. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe condemned Russia's campaign against Yukos and its owners as manufactured for political reasons and a violation of human rights. Between 2011 and 2014 several court cases were won by the former company's management and investors against Russia or against the companies that acquired Yukos assets. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that there had been unfair use of the legal and tax system; the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, an established neutral body used by Russia and the West since the 1970s for trade disputes,〔(Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce: About Us )〕 concluded that the government's action was an "unlawful expropriation" using "illegitimate" tax bills, whose effect was intended to "destroy Yukos and gain control over its assets"; and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled unanimously upon awarding compensation of $50 billion for the company's assets, that Yukos was the target of a series of politically motivated attacks by Russian authorities that eventually led to its destruction, and that Russia had expropriated Yukos' assets in breach of the Energy Charter Treaty.〔("Permanent Court of Arbitration: Final Awards Issued in 3 Arbitrations Between Former Shareholders of Yukos and the Russian Federation" ), pca-cpa.org; accessed July 30, 2014.〕〔("Court orders Russia to pay $50 billion for seizing Yukos assets" ), reuters.com, July 28, 2014; accessed July 30, 2014.〕 (The treaty does not stop governments seizing or nationalizing commercial assets, but requires the investors to be fairly compensated if this happens. Russia never ratified the full treaty but these clauses were still legally binding under both the treaty and Russian law until 2029.〔("Energy Charter Treaty: Coming up for 20 years" ), published 2014, by Norton Rose Fulbright partners and associates Deborah Ruff, Julia Belcher and Charles Golsong. From p.5: ''"()rticle 45 of the ECT required Russia to apply the ECT 'provisionally'. The tribunal found that Russia could not simply apply the ECT piecemeal, and that Russia had – by signing the ECT – agreed that the treaty as a whole would be applied... On 20 August 2009, Russia gave notice that it wished to (from ) the ECT... Russia is, however, still under an obligation (until 19 October 2029) to afford the investment protection under Part III of the ECT to investments made before 19 October 2009 for 20 years."''〕〔(Russia Rejects Energy Charter Treaty: A New Era for Investment Arbitration? ), International Law Office, 22 October 2009.〕) According to the Permanent Court of Arbitration's ruling, the primary objective of the Russian Federation was not to collect taxes but rather to bankrupt Yukos, appropriate its assets for the sole benefit of the Russian state and state-owned companies Rosneft and Gazprom, and remove Khodorkovsky from the political arena.〔("Hague court to rule on $50 billion Russian payout to Yukos shareholders" ), themoscowtimes.com; accessed July 30, 2014.〕〔("Yukos shareholders awarded about $50 billion USD" ), nytimes.com; July 29, 2014.〕 ==Formation and early years== The company was created on April 15, 1993 by Resolution №. 354 of the Russian government, following Presidential Decree №. 1403 (November 17, 1992), which had directed the government to transfer its directly owned oil and gas operations into separate companies, in preparation for privatization, with the aim of developing the oil and gas sector in Russia. OAO Yukos Oil Company,〔 universally known as Yukos (ЮКОС) was one of the companies so formed, on 12 May 1993.〔 Its initial assets included: : * Yuganskneftegaz ("Yugansk Oil and Gas": Юганскнефтегаз), a West Siberian oil extraction operation based in Nefteyugansk, part of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Tyumen Oblast ("district"); : * Kuybyshevnefteorgsintez ("Kuybyshev Oil and Organic Synthesis": КуйбышевнефтеОргСинтез), founded in 1975-1976, comprising three Samara Oblast oil refineries in Kuybyshev (now known as Samara), Novokuybyshevsk and Syzran, and various other oil-related operations. The company was named after these assets, "YUganskneftegaz" + "KuybyshevnefteOrgSintez". The Samaraneftegaz ("Samara Oil and Gas") refinery was added to Yukos in 1995 under decree №. 864, and at some point (date unknown) eight distribution companies in Central Russia and Siberia and assorted technical businesses.〔(Putin and the Oligarch: The Khodorkovsky-Yukos Affair ), Richard Sakwa〕 The first chairman and president appointed to Yukos, then still a government owned business, was Sergei Muravlenko ((ロシア語:Сергей Муравленко)), the former General Director of Yuganskneftegaz and son of Viktor Muravlenko, a former head of the oil and gas sector during the Soviet regime. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yukos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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