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Zakāt ((アラビア語: زكاة) (:zæˈkæːt), "that which purifies",〔) is a form of obligatory — compulsory, or, more recently, voluntary — alms-giving and religious tax in Islam.〔M Salehi (2014), A Study On The Influences Of Islamic Values On Iranian Accounting Practice And Development, Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 10(2), pp. 154-182, Quote: "Zakat is a religious tax that every Muslim has to pay."〕〔Z Lessy (2009), Zakat (alms-giving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be?, La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam, 3(1), Quote: "zakat is alms-giving and religiously obligatory tax."〕 As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, zakat is a religious obligation for all Muslims who meet the necessary criteria of wealth.〔 It is not a charitable contribution,〔 and is considered to be a tax.〔Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions, ISBN 978-1904063292, pp. 131-135〕〔Hefner R.W. (2006), Islamic economics and global capitalism, Society, 44(1), pp. 16-22, Quote: "Zakat is a tax levied on income and wealth for the purpose of their purification".〕 The payment and disputes on zakat have played a major role in the history of Islam, notably during the Ridda wars.〔〔Elias Shoufani (1973), ''Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia'', University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802019158〕 Zakat is based on income and the value of all of one's possessions.〔C. Décobert (1991), ''Le mendiant et le combattant, L’institution de l’islam'', Paris: Editions du Seuil, pp 238-240〕〔Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, ''Zakat'', Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, p. 479, Quote: "As one of the Islam's five pillars, zakat becomes an obligation due when, over a lunar year, one controls a combination of income and wealth equal to or above Nisaab."〕 It is customarily 2.5% of a Muslim's total income, savings and wealth above a minimum amount known as ''nisab'',〔 but Islamic scholars differ on how much nisab is and other aspects of zakat.〔 The collected amount is paid first to zakat collectors, and then to poor Muslims, to new converts to Islam, to Islamic clergy, and others.〔〔〔 Today, in most Muslim majority countries zakat contributions are voluntary, while in a handful, including Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Pakistan, zakat is mandated and collected by the state.〔〔 Shias, unlike Sunnis, have traditionally regarded zakat as a private and voluntary decision, and they give zakat to Imam-sponsored rather than state-sponsored collectors. ==Etymology== Zakat literally means "that which purifies". Zakat is considered a way to purify one's income and wealth from sometimes worldly, impure ways of acquisition.〔〔Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415297967, pp 258, Quote = "The Quranic term zakat came to signify a form of obligatory charity or alms tax that was seen as a means of purifying the believer's wealth."〕〔Dean, H., & Khan, Z. (1998), Islam: A challenge to welfare professionalism, Journal of interprofessional care, 12(4), pp 399-405, Quote = "Zakat purifies the wealth of the individual"; See also: 〕 According to Murata and Chittick, "Just as ablutions purify the body and salāt purifies the soul (in Islam), so zakat purifies possessions and makes them pleasing to God."〔Murata and Chittick (1994), The vision of Islam, IB Tauris, London, ISBN 978-1557785169, pp 16〕〔 It is sometimes referred to as ''Zakat al-mal''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zakat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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