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Zaranj or Zarang (Persian/Pashto/) is a city in southwestern Afghanistan, near the border with Iran, which has a population of 160,902 people as of 2015.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2/ )〕 It is the capital of Nimruz province and is linked by highways with Lashkar Gah to the east, Farah to the north and the Iranian city of Zabol to the west. Zaranj serves as the border crossing between Afghanistan and Iran, which is of significant importance to the trade-route between Central Asia and South Asia with the Middle East. Zaranj is a Trading and Transit Hub in western Afghanistan, on the border with Iran. There are 17,878 residential dwellings in Zarat and 1,759 hectares of agricultural land.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2/ )〕 Commercial land use is clustered on the main road to Iran. == History == Modern Zaranj bears the name of an ancient city whose name is also attested in Old Persian as ''Zranka''. In Greek, this word became Drangiana. Other historical names for Zaranj include Zirra,〔Ten Thousand Miles in Persia: Or, Eight Years in Irán By Percy Sykes, pg. 363〕 Zarangia, Zarani etc. Ultimately the word Zaranj is derived from the ancient Old Persian word ''zaranka'' ("waterland"; cf. Pashto ''dzaranda''). The region of Drangiana where the Helmand or the (Hindmand ) meets Hamun-e-helmand and creates a fertile inland delta was known in Sassanid times as 'kuchak-e-hind' or 'little India'. Achaemenid Zranka, the capital of Drangiana, was almost certainly located at Dahan-e Gholaman, southeast of Zabol in Iran.〔Gnoli (1993).〕 After the abandonment of that city, its name, Zarang or Zaranj in later Perso-Arabic orthography, was transferred to the subsequent administrative centers of the region, which itself came to be known as Sakastān, then Sijistan〔“….As for ibn-Samurah, he established his rule over everything between Zaranj and Kishsh of the land of al-Hind, and over that part of the region of the road of ar-Rukhkhaj which is between it and the province of ad-Dhawar”, The origins of the Islamic State, Part II (1924) page 143 by Murgotten, Francis Clark〕 and finally Sistān. Medieval Zaranj is located at Nād-i `Alī, 4.4 km north of the modern city of Zaranj.〔 Schmitt (1995).〕 According to the Arab geographers, prior to medieval Zaranj, the capital of Sistan was located at Ram Shahristan (Abrashariyar). Ram Shahristan had been supplied with water by a canal from the Helmand River, but its dam broke, the area was deprived of water, and the populace moved three days' march to found Zaranj.〔Guy Le Strange. (The lands of the eastern caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur ). Cambridge geographical series. General editor: F. H. H. Guillemard. reprint Publisher CUP Archive, 1930. Originally published 1905.〕 The area came under Muslim rule in 652, when Zaranj surrendered to the governor of Khurāsān; it subsequently became a base for further caliphal expansion in the region. In 661, a small Arab garrison reestablished its authority in the region after having temporarily lost control due to skirmishes and revolts.〔Islamic History: A New Interpretation By Muhammad Abdulhavy Shaban〕 A Nestorian Christian community is recorded in Zaranj in the sixth century, and by the end of the eighth century there was a Jacobite diocese of Zaranj.〔Fiey, ''Pour un Oriens Christianus'', 281〕 In the 9th century Zaranj was the capital of the Saffarid dynasty, whose founder was the local coppersmith turned warlord, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar.〔Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan By Horace Hayman Wilson, pg. 154〕 It became part of the Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Trimurids, Safavids and others. Defeated by the Samanids in 900, the Saffarids sank to a position of regional importance, until conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1003.〔Joel L. Kraemer, ''Philosophy in the Renaissance of Islam: Abū Sulaymān Al-Sijistānī and His Circle'', Vol. VIII, ed. Itamar Rabinovich, William M. Brinner, Martin Kramer, Joel L. Kraemer and Shimon Shamir, (Brill, 1986), 4.〕 Subsequently Zaranj served as the capital of the Nasrid (1029-1225) and Mihrabānid (1236-1537) ''maliks'' of Nīmrūz.〔''Zaranj'', C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. P. J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2002), 459.〕 In the early 18th century, the city became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty until they were removed from power in 1738 by Nader Shah of Khorasan. By 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani made it part of modern Afghanistan after he united all the different tribes and acquired the territories from northeastern Iran to Delhi in India. Under the modern Afghan governments, the area was known as Farah-Chakansur Province until 1968, when it was separated to form the provinces of Nimruz and Farah.〔Frank Clements. (Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia ). ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-85109-402-4, ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. Pg 181〕 The city of Zaranj became the capital of Nimroz province. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zaranj」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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