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Zoroaster ( or , from Greek ''Zōroastrēs''), also known as Zarathustra (; (アヴェスター語:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀) (''Zaraθuštra''); (ペルシア語:زرتشت) ''Zartosht'', ''Zardosht''), or as Zarathushtra Spitama, was the founder of Zoroastrianism. Though he was a native speaker of Old Avestan and lived in the eastern part of the Iranian Plateau, his birthplace is uncertain. He is credited with the authorship of the Yasna Haptanghaiti as well as the Gathas, hymns which are at the liturgical core of Zoroastrian thinking. Most of his life is known through the Zoroastrian texts. Modern scholars of Zoroastrianism generally place Zoroaster as having lived in north-east Iran or northern Afghanistan some time between 1700 and 1300 BCE.〔Boyce, Mary. 2001. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge: London and New York.-- Peter Clark. ''Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith''. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2010. p. 1. -- Michael Stausberg. ''Zarathustra and Zoroastrianism: A Short Introduction''. London: Equinox Publishing, 2008. p. 20.〕 Avestan, the language spoken by Zoroaster and used for composing the Yasna Haptanghaiti and the Gathas, on archaeological and linguistic grounds, is dated to have been spoken probably in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE.〔"Zoroaster's language" and "Zoroaster's dialect" used in reference to Old Avestan (Michael Witzel, THE HOME OF THE ARYANS, Harvard University, P.11 ). Date for Old Avestan 〕 ==Etymology== Zoroaster's name in his native language, Avestan, was probably ''Zaraϑuštra''. His English name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BCE) Greek transcription, ''Zōroastrēs'' (), as used in Xanthus's ''Lydiaca'' (Fragment 32) and in Plato's ''First Alcibiades'' (122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin ''ラテン語:Zōroastrēs'' and, in later Greek orthographies, as ''Zōroastris''. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of Avestan ''zaraϑ-'' with the Greek ''zōros'' (literally "undiluted") and the Avestan ''-uštra'' with ''astron'' ("star"). In Avestan, ''Zaraϑuštra'' is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian '' *Zaratuštra-''; The element half of the name (''-uštra-'') is considered to be the Indo-Iranian root for "camel", the entire name meaning "he who can manage camels".〔 Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the Middle Persian (300 BCE) ''Zardusht'', which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that '' *Zaratuštra-'' might be a zero-grade form of '' *Zarantuštra-''.〔 Subject then to whether ''Zaraϑuštra'' derives from '' *Zarantuštra-'' or from '' *Zaratuštra-'', several interpretations have been proposed. Following '' *Zarantuštra-'' are: *"with old/aging camels":〔 related to Avestic ''zarant-''.〔 (''cf.'' Pashto ''zōṛ'' and Ossetian ''zœrond'', "old"; Middle Persian ''zāl'', "old")〔Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893〕 *"with angry/furious camels": from Avestan '' *zarant-'', "angry, furious".〔.〕 Following '' *Zaratuštra-'' are: *"(of the ) golden camel": this is derived from old Eastern Iranian word '' *zar-'' for gold and ''ushtra'' for camel, further corresponding to an Eastern Iranian origin (the Old Persian word ''dar'' as a Western-Iranian dialect would be the equal term of Eastern Iranian ''zar''; Modern Persian uses the Eastern Iranian word for gold).〔For example ''zairi-'' (golden/yellow), ''zairitem'' (golden/green), ''zaranaênem'' (golden, of gold). (Old Iranian/Avestan:Base Form Dictionary ) and (Dictionary of most common AVESTA words ).〕 *"who is driving camels" or "who is fostering/cherishing camels": related to Avestan ''zarš-'', "to drag".〔.〕 *Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of "who is desiring camels" or "longing for camels" and related to Vedic Sanskrit ''har-'', "to like", and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan ''zara-''.〔 *"with yellow camels": parallel to younger Avestan ''zairi-''.〔.〕 The interpretation of the ''-ϑ-'' () in Avestan ''zaraϑuštra'' was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the ''-ϑ-'' is an irregular development: As a rule, '' *zarat-'' (a first element that ends in a dental consonant) should have Avestan ''zarat-'' or ''zarat̰-'' as a development from it. Why this is not so for ''zaraϑuštra'' has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan ''zaraϑuštra'' with its ''-ϑ-'' was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis.〔.〕 All present-day, Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of ''Zarϑošt'', which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative ''-ϑ-''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zoroaster」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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