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Todor Zhivkov
Todor Hristov Zhivkov ((ブルガリア語:Тодор Христов Живков), tr. ''Todor Hristov Živkov''; ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998), was the communist head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
He became First Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1954 and remained on this position for 35 years, until 1989, thus becoming the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation,〔(Todor Zhivkov - The longest serving authoritarian ), ''The Sofia Echo'', 3 April 2003〕 and one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history. His rule marked a period of unprecedented political and economic stability for Bulgaria, marked both by complete submission of Bulgaria to Soviet directives〔(Bulgaria - THE ZHIVKOV ERA ), Library of Congress country studies, 1992〕 and a desire for expanding ties with the West. His rule remained unchallenged until the deterioration of East-West relations in the 1980s, when a stagnating economic situation, a worsening international image and growing careerism and corruption in the BCP weakened his positions.〔(Bulgaria in the 1980s ), Library of Congress country studies, 1992〕 He resigned on November 10, 1989, under pressure by senior BCP members due to his refusal to recognize problems and deal with public protests.〔(The Removal of Zhivkov ), Library of Congress country studies, 1992〕 Within a month of Zhivkov's ouster, Communist rule in Bulgaria had effectively ended, and within another month the People's Republic of Bulgaria had formally ceased to exist.
== Early life ==
Zhivkov was born in the Bulgarian village of Pravets into a peasant family. In 1928, he joined the Bulgarian Communist Youth Union (BCYU), an organisation closely linked with the Bulgarian Workers Party (BWP) – later the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). The following year he obtained a post at the ''Darzhavna pechatnitsa'', the official government publisher in Sofia. In 1932, he joined the BWP proper, later serving as secretary of its Second Borough Committee and as a member of its Sofia County Committee. Although the BWP was banned along with all other political parties after the uprising of 19 May 1934, it continued fielding a handful of non-party National Assembly Deputies and Zhivkov retained his posts at its Sofia structure.
During World War II, Zhivkov participated in Bulgaria's resistance movement against the country's alignment with Nazi Germany and was sympathetic to the country's 50,000 Jews.〔Bar-Zohar, Michael, ''Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews''. Adams Media Corp. 1998, p.199〕 In 1943, he was involved in organising the Chavdar partisan detachment in and around his place of birth, becoming deputy commander of the Sofia operations area in the summer of 1944. Under his rule, many fellow former combatants with Chavdar were to rise to positions of prominence in Bulgarian affairs. He is said to have coordinated partisan movements with those of pro-Soviet army units during the 9 September 1944 uprising.
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