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}} |nickname = |settlement_type =Prefecture-level city |total_type = |motto = |image_skyline = Central Lincheng Sub-District.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Zhoushan cityview |image_map = China Zhejiang Zhoushan.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Zhoushan (red) in Zhejiang (orange) |image_map1 = ChinaZhejiangZhoushan.png |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Zhejiang |subdivision_type2 = County divisions |subdivision_name2 = 4 |subdivision_type3 = Township divisions |subdivision_name3 = 45 |seat_type = Municipal seat |seat = |leader_title = CPC Secretary |leader_name = Zhou Guohui (周国辉) |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Liang Liming (梁黎明) |established_title = Set up county |established_date = Tang Dynasty |established_title1 = Set up city |established_date1 = 1987 |area_total_km = 22,200 |area_land_km = 1,440.12 |area_water_km = 20,800 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 census〔http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-zhejiang-admin.php〕 |population_total = 1,121,261 |timezone = China Standard |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates_type = scale:1000000 |latd= 30 |latm= 10 |lats= 10 |latNS= N |longd= 122 |longm= 24 |longs= 10 |longEW= E |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 316000, 202450 for Shengsi County |area_code = +86 (0)580 |blank_name = GDP |blank_info = $9.518billion |blank1_name = GDP per capita |blank1_info = $15,514.38 |blank2_name =License Plate |blank2_info = 浙L |website = http://www.zhoushan.gov.cn/ |footnotes = }} ; formerly transliterated as Chusan, is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Zhejiang province of Eastern China. One of the two prefecture-level cities of the People's Republic of China consisting solely of islands (the other is Sansha in Hainan, however its territory is in dispute), it lies across the mouth of the Hangzhou Bay, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow body of water. On 8 July 2011 the central government approved Zhoushan's as Zhoushan Archipelago New Area a state-level new area. At the 2010 census, its population was 1,121,261 whom 842,989 lived in the built-up area made of Dinghai and Putuo counties. ==History== The archipelago was inhabited 6,000 years ago during the Neolithic by people of the Hemudu culture. During the Spring and Autumn period, Zhoushan was called Yongdong (甬东), referring to its location east of the Yong River, and belonged to the State of Yue. The fishermen and sailors who inhabited the islands often engaged in piracy and became recruits for uprisings against the central authorities. At the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, Zhoushan Islands served as the base for Sun En's rebellion. Sun En, an adherent of the Taoist sect Way of the Five Pecks of Rice, launched his rebellion around the year 400 and was defeated by Jin forces in 402.〔Gernet 2002, pp. 182-183.〕 In 863, the Japanese Buddhist monk Hui'e (慧锷; ) and a Putuoshan local Zhang-shi (张氏) placed a statue of Guanyin at Chaoyin Cave (潮音洞) that would later become a popular tourist and pilgrim destination. During the Ming dynasty, especially between the years 1530 and 1560, Japanese and Chinese pirates used Zhoushan as one of their principal bases from which they launched attacks as far as Nanjing; "the whole Chinese coast from northern Shandong to western Guangdong was ravaged to a distance of sixty miles inland."〔Gernet 2002, p. 422.〕 After suppression of the pirates, Zhoushan became an important commercial entrepôt. Under the early Qing dynasty, it played a similar role to Xiamen and Guangzhou as a frequent port of call for Western traders.〔Spence 1991, p. 120.〕 The restriction of all European trade to the port of Guangzhou in 1760 forced Westerners to leave Zhoushan. One of the requests of Lord Macartney's embassy to the Qianlong Emperor in 1793 was an acquisition of "a small unfortified island near Zhoushan for the residence of English traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships." The Qianlong Emperor denied this request together with all the rest.〔See "Ch'ien lung's Letter to George III," http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob41.html.〕 British forces under Captain Charles Elliot captured Zhoushan on 5–6 July 1840 during the First Opium War and evacuated it in early 1841, after Elliot reached an agreement with Qishan, the Governor-General of Tianjin and Grand Secretary to the Daoguang Emperor, in exchange for cession of Hong Kong.〔Spence 1991, p. 156.〕 At that time, Zhoushan was a well known port while Hong Kong was still only a fishing village. The British Foreign Secretary Palmerston was famously livid when he learned that Elliot agreed to the cession of Hong Kong ("a barren island with hardly a house on it") while giving up Zhoushan. Elliot was dismissed in April 1841 for his blunder.〔Welsh 1997, p. 108.〕 His replacement Sir Henry Pottinger led a British fleet that recaptured Zhoushan on 1 October 1841.〔Spence 1991, p. 157.〕 The First Opium War ended with conclusion of the Treaty of Nanjing in which China opened up the cities of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai to residence by British subjects for the purpose of trade. As a result, Britain no longer had any use for Zhoushan but it kept the island until 1846 as a guarantee for the fulfilment of the stipulations of the treaty.〔(Original from Oxford University)〕 Zhoushan was also occupied by the British in 1860 during the Second Opium War. On 13 February 1862, Wang Yijun (王义钧) of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (a state established by the Taiping rebels attempted to (re)take Zhoushan from Qing imperial forces, but died in the unsuccessful attempt. Sun Yat-sen visited Zhoushan on 25 August 1916 and wrote ''Travelling to Putuo'' (游普陀志奇 You Putuo Zhiqi). On 1 October 1942, the Japanese ''Lisbon Maru'' (里斯本丸) transported 1,800 POW back to Tokyo, but ''Lisbon Maru'' sank after being hit by a torpedo near Qingbing Island (青浜). 384 of the British prisoners-of-war overboard were rescued by the fishermen of Dongji Township (东极乡) nearby. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zhoushan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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