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}} Ziram or zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate is primarily used as an agricultural fungicide to control and prevent the spread of fungal infections. It functions as a protectant fungicide, which means it remains active on the plant’s surface where it forms a chemical barrier between the plant and a fungus. A protectant fungicide is not absorbed into the plant and must be applied prior to infection. Ziram can either be directly sprayed on to a plant’s leaf or it can be used as a soil and seed treatment. The top five crops ziram is used on are: almonds, peaches, nectarines, pears, and table and raisin grapes. Alternatively, ziram is used as an additive ingredient in industrial adhesives, caulking, and paint. It also serves as a bird and mammal repellent on outdoor ornamental items. Annually, approximately 1.9 million pounds of the active ziram ingredient are used. Ziram is often sold in powder or granule form. ==Health effects== Acute toxicity :If humans are exposed to Ziram through inhalation for a prolonged period of time, they may develop nerve and irreversible eye damage. Ziram has also been observed to cause irritation of the skin, nose, and throat.〔 Chronic toxicity :Ziram ingestion has been proven to cause decreased antibody formation and diminished growth and development in rats. Rats also have been shown to develop various motor changes when administered ziram at unknown doses and duration. However, the definitive effects of ziram are still not well understood, as a one-year study has shown no effects on rats receiving a low doses of 5 mg/kg/day. Additionally, dogs who were administered Ziram exhibited no harmful effects at this same duration and dose. Reproductive effects :Ziram has deleterious effects on both the male and female reproductive systems in rats when administered at moderate doses of 50 mg/kg. Female and male rats who ingested ziram at this dose two months before pregnancy exhibited reductions in fertility and litter size. ziram has also been shown to inhibit fetal growth and organ development when pregnant mice ingested at both low and high doses.〔 Birth effects :Ziram can be mutagenic to humans who are chronically exposed to it in the air at moderate concentrations. The compound’s mutagenic effects include an increase in the number of chromosomal changes. Cancer :A 103-week study has shown that ziram is correlated with thyroid cancer in rats, but there was no increase in cancer in female rat or male mice. However. female rats did exhibit an increase in lung cancer. These findings are inconclusive, as the results were muddied by a virus infection, making the cause of cancer difficult to determine.〔 Parkinson's disease :Long-term exposure to pesticides, particularly ziram, is associated with Parkinson's disease.〔 It appears to do this by directly damaging dopaminergic neurons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ziram」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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