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Zygaenidae
The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called smoky moths. All 43 species of Australian zygaenids are commonly known as foresters and belong to the tribe Artonini of the subfamily Distrya. The only nonendemic species in Australia is ''Palmartona catoxantha'', a Southeast Asian pest species which is believed to be already present in Australia or likely to arrive soon.〔Tarmann, G.M. "Zygaenid moths of Australia. A revision of the Australian Zygaenidae".〕 ==Description== Zygaenid moths are typically day-flying with a slow, fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae. They generally have a metallic sheen and often prominent spots of red or yellow. The bright colours are a warning to predators that the moths are distasteful - they contain hydrogen cyanide (HCN) throughout all stages of their lifecycle. Unlike most insects with such toxins, they obtain glucosides from feeding on birds-foot trefoil (''Lotus'') so they can use HCN as a defense.〔''The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity.'' Oxford Univ. Press.〕 However, they are capable of making HCN themselves, and when in an environment poor in cyanide-producing plants, synthesize it themselves, (). They are known to have mimicry complexes based on these toxins.〔Naumann, C.M., Tarmann, G.M. & Tremewan, W.G. (1999). ''The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae''. Apollo Books.〕 Adults are small and gray or black in color. The prothorax is often reddish and has bright markings. Adults have a well-developed proboscis and can be found visiting flowers. Antennae are pectinate in both sexes and plumose in males. Adult wings rest with fore wings directed backwards to cover the hind wings and abdomen.
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