|
The Zytglogge (Bernese German: ) tower is a landmark medieval tower in Bern, Switzerland. Built in the early 13th century, it has served the city as guard tower, prison, clock tower, centre of urban life and civic memorial. Despite the many redecorations and renovations it has undergone in its 800 years of existence, the Zytglogge is one of Bern's most recognisable symbols and, with its 15th-century astronomical clock, a major tourist attraction. It is a heritage site of national significance,〔Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance (1995), p. 104.〕 and part of the Old City of Bern, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site. ==History== When it was built around 1218–20,〔Bellwald (1983), 2.〕 the Zytglogge served as the gate tower of Bern's western fortifications. These were erected after the city's first westward expansion following its ''de facto'' independence from the Empire. At that time, the Zytglogge was a squat building of only in height. When the rapid growth of the city and the further expansion of the fortifications (up to the Käfigturm) relegated the tower to second-line status at around 1270–75, it was heightened by to overlook the surrounding houses.〔 Only after the city's western defences were extended again in 1344–46 up to the now-destroyed Christoffelturm, the Zytglogge was converted to a women's prison, notably housing ''Pfaffendirnen'' – "priests' whores", women convicted of sexual relations with clerics. At this time, the Zytglogge also received its first slanted roof.〔Bellwald (1983), 4.〕 In the great fire of 1405, the tower burnt out completely. It suffered severe structural damage that required thorough repairs, which were not complete until after the last restoration in 1983. The prison cells were abandoned〔Hofer, 107.〕 and a clock was first installed above the gate in the early 15th century, probably including a simple astronomical clock and musical mechanism.〔Bellwald (1983), 5.〕 This clock, together with the great bell cast in 1405, gave the Zytglogge its name, which in Bernese German means "time bell".〔 In the late 15th century, the Zytglogge and the other Bernese gate towers were extended and decorated after the Burgundian Romantic fashion. The Zytglogge received a new lantern (including the metal bellman visible today), four decorative corner towerlets, heraldic decorations and probably its stair tower.〔Hofer, 108.〕 The astronomical clock was extended to its current state. In 1527–30, the clockwork was completely rebuilt by Kaspar Brunner, and the gateway was overarched to provide a secure foundation for the heavy machinery.〔Bellwald (1983), 6.〕 The Zytglogge's exterior was repainted by Gotthard Ringgli and Kaspar Haldenstein in 1607–10, who introduced the large clock faces that now dominate the east and west façades of the tower.〔 The corner towerlets were removed again some time before 1603.〔 In 1770–71, the Zytglogge was renovated by Niklaus Hebler and Ludwig Emanuel Zehnder, who refurbished the structure in order to suit the tastes of the late Baroque, giving the tower its contemporary outline.〔Bellwald (1983), 9.〕 Both façades were again repainted in the Rococo style by Rudolf von Steiger in 1890. The idealising historicism of the design came to be disliked in the 20th century, and a 1929 competition produced the façade designs visible today: on the west façade, Victor Surbek's fresco "Beginning of Time" and on the east façade, a reconstruction of the 1770 design by Kurt Indermühle.〔 In 1981–83, the Zytglogge was thoroughly renovated again and generally restored to its 1770 appearance.〔Bellwald (1983), 13.〕 In the advent season and from Easter until the end of October, it is illuminated after dusk. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zytglogge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|