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aguardiente
Aguardiente (, (バスク語:pattar) (:paˈcar), (カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:aiguardent) (:ajɣwərˈðen), (ガリシア語:augardente) (:awɣaɾˈðente), (ポルトガル語:aguardente) (:aɣwɐɾˈðẽt(ɨ))) is a generic term for alcoholic beverages that contain between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume. The word is a compound of the Romance languages' words for "water" (''agua'' in Spanish; ''aigua'' in Catalan; ''água'' in Portuguese; ''auga'' in Galician) and "fiery" (''ardiente'' in Spanish; ''ardent'' in Catalan; ''ardente'' in Portuguese and Galician), similarly to the English term "firewater". Both aguardiente and brandy—from the Dutch expression for "burnt (i.e., distilled) wine"—originated as terms for distilled spirits using whatever ingredients were available locally.
== Definition ==
By definition, aguardientes are strong alcoholic beverages, obtained by fermentation and later distillation of sugared or sweet musts, vegetable macerations, or mixtures of the two. This is the most generic level; by this definition, aguardientes may be made from a number of different sources. Fruit-based aguardientes include those made from oranges, grapes, bananas, or medronho ("cane apple"). Grain-based ones may be made from millet, barley, or rice and tuber-based aguardientes from beet, manioc, or potato, and finally what are classed as "true" aguardientes from sugarcane and other sweet canes, including some species of bamboo. Under this definition, many other distinct liquors could be called aguardientes, including vodka, shochu, ''pisco'', and certain forms of hard ''chicha''.
According to Spanish and Portuguese versions of European Union spirits regulations,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 ). See Spanish version (here ) and Portuguese version (here ).〕 ''aguardiente'' and ''aguardente'' are generic Spanish and Portuguese terms, respectively, for some of the distilled spirits that are fermented and distilled exclusively from their specified raw materials, contain no added alcohol or flavouring substances, and if sweetened, only "to round off the final taste of the product". However, ''aguardiente'' and ''aguardente'' are not legal denominations on their own.〔Chapter I, Article 5. – General rules concerning the categories of spirit drinks〕 Instead, different categories of ''aguardientes'' (spirits in the English version) are established according to raw materials. In the Spanish version, wine spirit (brandy) is ''aguardiente de vino'', fruit spirit is ''aguardiente de fruta'', grain spirit (other than whisky and neutral grain spirit) is ''aguardiente de cereales'', etc.〔Annex II, 1–14.〕 Many ''aguardentes'' have a protected designation of origin, for example: ''Aguardente de Vinho Douro'' (wine spirit of Douro), ''Aguardente Bagaceira Bairrada'' (grape marc of Bairrada), ''Aguardente de pêra da Lousã'' (pear spirit of Lousã), ''Aguardiente de sidra de Asturias'' (cider spirit of Asturias) or ''Aguardiente de hierbas de Galicia'' (herbal spirit of Galicia).〔Annex III.〕
On 14 November 1996, it was concluded in analysis that cane aguardiente and ''cachaça'' are similar, but distinct, products. Cane aguardiente was thereafter defined in Brazil as an alcoholic beverage of between 38% and 54% alcohol by volume, obtained by simple fermentation and distillation of sugarcane that has already been used in the sugar-production process, and which has distinct flavour similar to rum. ''Cachaça'', on the other hand, is an alcoholic beverage of between 38% and 48% alcohol by volume, obtained by fermentation and distillation of sugarcane juice which may have added sugar up to 6 g/L.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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